MUSA 508 Midterm: Zillow Housing Algorithm Assignment - REVISED
Myron Bañez and Amelia Marcantonio-Fields
11/29/2021
Introduction:
This project sets out to recreate a home sale price prediction algorithm. The project is loosely based around Zillow’s Zestimate function, and explores potential features that might explain sale prices in Boulder County, CO, USA. Sale prediction algorithms can be important for evaluating what features might affect home price and further might give the ability for people to make more informed decisions about long-term investments. It also may undercover inequities in the housing market that could be addressed.
This is an incredibly difficult exercise in both the content (using regressions and Machine Learning to build the models), but also in the data wrangling. While great data is available, it can be hard to quantify features that impact home prices and attribute aspects like “neighborhood-feel” to homes. Further, many variables included may be colinear, meaning that they might relate to one another and then pose challenges on the effectiveness of the model.
We set our research design using the hedonic model, a framework in which home prices are predicted utilizing a variety of variables such as internal characteristics related to the home and external or spatial features such as neighborhood demographics, libraries, open space, and more. Our overall modeling strategy was to gather variables that might have an affect on the housing market, clean them, and test them as regressions (to see how meaningful they might be). Once we got a regression model that was moderately meaningful, we continued the process to evaluate it. In determining our model’s predictive power, we must pay close attention towards many statistical metrics such as the mean absolute percentage errors, Moran’s I, and adjusted R-squared.
In the end, we produce an adequate model with some weaknesses. Unfortunately, our model does produce a relatively high percentage of error–this may be because it generally underpredicts and struggles to predict incredibly expensives houses. Despite the accuracy, our model is pretty generalizable across block groups and demographics in Boulder, Colorado. However, beyond Colorado, our model may not be up for the challenge of predicting home prices. More on this throughout the deliverable.
Overall, there are many learning opportunities and key takeaways from our research that will be able to inform and guide future data scientists and the housing industry towards accurate home pricing. Below is the code and more information on how our model performs.
Set Up
Boulder Home Price Data
Below is code to import the working dataset that our model will be based off of. The dataset includes home price sales and characteristics from 2019-2021 in Boulder, CO. The model we will build predicts price and uses some of the internal characteristics from this dataset to inform those predictions.
BoulderHousingData <-
st_read("studentData.geojson", crs = "ESRI:102254") %>%
st_transform('ESRI:102653')
## Reading layer `studentData' from data source
## `C:\Users\ammar\OneDrive\Desktop\CPLN592\Midterm\MUSA_508_Midterm\studentData.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 11364 features and 48 fields
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: 907857.2 ymin: 535711.1 xmax: 952487.4 ymax: 574366.8
## Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Colorado_Central_FIPS_0502
Boulder.Boundary <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/964b8f3b3dbe401bb28d49ac93d29dc4_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `County_Boundary' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/964b8f3b3dbe401bb28d49ac93d29dc4_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 1 feature and 3 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.6945 ymin: 39.91297 xmax: -105.0528 ymax: 40.26396
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84Cleaning Internal Variables
For the rest of the code, we will refer to “internal variables” as variables embedded in the Boulder Home Price Data above, or Boulder Housing Data. As explained above, internal characteristics are one factor in the hedonic model to predict home prices. This chunk of code cleans a few of the variables we will include in our model later on, like total baths.
#Adding a price/sq foot variable and total baths variable
BoulderHousingData <-
BoulderHousingData %>%
mutate(pricesqft = ifelse(TotalFinishedSF > 0, (price/TotalFinishedSF), 0),
totalbaths = (nbrHalfBaths *0.5)+(nbrThreeQtrBaths)+(nbrFullBaths*1))Adding Data: Amenities/Public Services
In order to start building a model off of potential features that relate to the housing market, we must import some external variables! Another aspect of the hedonic model is distance from certain amenities–this is what these variables will mostly over. The code below pulls in data that is categorized as either an amenity or public service and we pulled: library locations, trail head locations, open space, marijuana establishments, lakes and reservoir locations, as well as public and private schools. The data below is sourced from: https://www.bouldercounty.org/government/open-data/ and https://www.cde.state.co.us/schoolview
BoulderLibraries <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/7f4ea25ba87345e380d2e896611d2588_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Libraries' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/7f4ea25ba87345e380d2e896611d2588_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 19 features and 7 fields
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.5099 ymin: 39.96059 xmax: -105.0989 ymax: 40.22287
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderTrailHeads <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/3a950053bbef46c6a3c2abe3aceee3de_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Boulder_Area_Trailheads' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/3a950053bbef46c6a3c2abe3aceee3de_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 331 features and 9 fields
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.8584 ymin: 39.91423 xmax: -105.009 ymax: 40.44153
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderOpenSpace <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/61728921abcb481fa98b9b07cfd7c95d_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `County_Open_Space' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/61728921abcb481fa98b9b07cfd7c95d_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 2057 features and 24 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.6661 ymin: 39.89269 xmax: -105.017 ymax: 40.26848
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/425a0adb547a4faba4b741a4fe4373b1_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Marijuana_Establishments' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/425a0adb547a4faba4b741a4fe4373b1_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 33 features and 28 fields
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.286 ymin: 40.00162 xmax: -105.1021 ymax: 40.21266
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderLakesandReservoirs <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/e0759cd6dc8f4990a04b77a29c988b55_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Lakes_and_Reservoirs' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/e0759cd6dc8f4990a04b77a29c988b55_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 2043 features and 27 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.6983 ymin: 39.852 xmax: -104.9438 ymax: 40.34869
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderSchools <-
st_read("BoulderSchools_Geocode_Proj.shp", crs = "ESRI:102653")
## Reading layer `BoulderSchools_Geocode_Proj' from data source
## `C:\Users\ammar\OneDrive\Desktop\CPLN592\Midterm\MUSA_508_Midterm\BoulderSchools_Geocode_Proj.shp'
## using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
## Simple feature collection with 207 features and 84 fields
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: 2992787 ymin: 1212206 xmax: 7752053 ymax: 2501119
## Projected CRS: NAD_1983_StatePlane_Colorado_North_FIPS_0501_Feet
BoulderPublicSchools <- subset(BoulderSchools, BoulderSchools$USER_Publi == 1)
BoulderPrivateSchools <- subset(BoulderSchools, BoulderSchools$USER_Publi == 0)Adding Data: Spatial Structure
We also included variables that relate to the demographic and environmental makeup of Boulder, CO to try to explain neighborhood or spatial affects beyond just XY points of amenities on a map. The variables pulled for this analysis were census data about race and income, and designated environmental hazards or special views. Variables below are from: https://www.socialexplorer.com/home and https://www.bouldercounty.org/government/open-data/
#race, median household income, education levels
BoulderCensusData <-
st_read("BoulderCO_Proj.shp", crs = "ESRI:102653")
## Reading layer `BoulderCO_Proj' from data source
## `C:\Users\ammar\OneDrive\Desktop\CPLN592\Midterm\MUSA_508_Midterm\BoulderCO_Proj.shp'
## using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
## Simple feature collection with 200 features and 25 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: 2945512 ymin: 1211128 xmax: 3125345 ymax: 1338641
## Projected CRS: NAD_1983_StatePlane_Colorado_North_FIPS_0501_Feet
BoulderCensusData <-
BoulderCensusData %>%
mutate(BG = GEOID)
BoulderScenicCorridor <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/749ed0a11e454f64a0e5f7c51a786129_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Peak_To_Peak_Scenic_Corridor' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/749ed0a11e454f64a0e5f7c51a786129_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 1593 features and 6 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.5472 ymin: 39.93224 xmax: -105.4367 ymax: 40.26143
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderGeologicalHazards <-
st_read("Geological_Hazards.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Geological_Hazards' from data source
## `C:\Users\ammar\OneDrive\Desktop\CPLN592\Midterm\MUSA_508_Midterm\Geological_Hazards.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 303 features and 9 fields
## Geometry type: POLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.6945 ymin: 39.91318 xmax: -105.0528 ymax: 40.26396
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderFloodZones <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/a9624bd25d854ef7ab0d543e9490ce48_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Flood_2013_Inundated_Areas' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/a9624bd25d854ef7ab0d543e9490ce48_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 165 features and 6 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.4942 ymin: 39.91283 xmax: -105.0547 ymax: 40.26225
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
BoulderWildfireHistory <-
st_read("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/61f20f4a64274969a9e740eda5c62de7_0.geojson") %>%
st_transform(st_crs(BoulderHousingData))
## Reading layer `Wildfire_History' from data source
## `https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/61f20f4a64274969a9e740eda5c62de7_0.geojson'
## using driver `GeoJSON'
## Simple feature collection with 42 features and 7 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: -105.5855 ymin: 39.91812 xmax: -105.2345 ymax: 40.23306
## Geodetic CRS: WGS 84Adding External Variables to the Big Dataset
To start conducting analysis, we must reconfigure certain variables and attribute them to specific home sales. The code below goes through this process. We used three different types of methodology to measure both distance and occurrences, which were 1. fixed-buffer analysis (set counts in a half mile radius), 2. k-nearest neighborhood (distance to a number of institutions), and 3. spatial join of both descriptive and binary attributes. In sum, we introduced variables that related to open space, lakes and reservoirs, libraries, trailheads, schools, marijuana establishments, scenery, flood zones, wildfires, census data, and geological hazards to see if they would be meaningful to the predictions.
# Fixed Buffer Distance: Open Space & Lakes + Reservoirs
BoulderOpenSpaceGeo <- BoulderOpenSpace %>%
dplyr::select(geometry)
BoulderLakesandReservoirsGeo <- BoulderLakesandReservoirs %>%
dplyr:: select(geometry)
BoulderHousingData.Buffer.OpenSpace =
BoulderHousingData %>%
st_buffer(2640) %>%
stats::aggregate(mutate(BoulderLakesandReservoirsGeo, counter = 1),., sum) %>%
pull(counter)
BoulderHousingData.Buffer.OpenSpace =
ifelse(is.na(BoulderHousingData.Buffer.OpenSpace),0, 1)
BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR =
BoulderHousingData %>%
st_buffer(2640) %>%
stats::aggregate(mutate(BoulderLakesandReservoirsGeo, counter = 1),., sum) %>%
pull(counter)
BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR =
ifelse(is.na(BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR),0, 1)
BoulderHousingData <-
cbind(BoulderHousingData, BoulderHousingData.Buffer.OpenSpace)
BoulderHousingData <-
cbind(BoulderHousingData, BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR)
# K-Nearest Neighbor: Libraries, Trail Heads, Marijuana Establishments, Schools (public and private)
st_c <- st_coordinates
BoulderHousingData <-
BoulderHousingData %>%
mutate(
libraries_nn1 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderLibraries), 1),
libraries_nn2 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderLibraries), 2),
libraries_nn3 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderLibraries), 3),
libraries_nn4 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderLibraries), 4),
libraries_nn5 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderLibraries), 5))
BoulderHousingData <-
BoulderHousingData %>%
mutate(
trailheads_nn1 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderTrailHeads), 1),
trailheads_nn2 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderTrailHeads), 2),
trailheads_nn3 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderTrailHeads), 3),
trailheads_nn4 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderTrailHeads), 4),
trailheads_nn5 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderTrailHeads), 5))
BoulderHousingData <-
BoulderHousingData %>%
mutate(
ME_nn1 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments), 1),
ME_nn2 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments), 2),
ME_nn3 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments), 3),
ME_nn4 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments), 4),
ME_nn5 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments), 5))
BoulderHousingData <-
BoulderHousingData %>%
mutate(
public_nn1 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPublicSchools), 1),
public_nn2 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPublicSchools), 2),
public_nn3 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPublicSchools), 3),
public_nn4 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPublicSchools), 4),
public_nn5 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPublicSchools), 5))
BoulderHousingData <-
BoulderHousingData %>%
mutate(
private_nn1 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPrivateSchools), 1),
private_nn2 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPrivateSchools), 2),
private_nn3 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPrivateSchools), 3),
private_nn4 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPrivateSchools), 4),
private_nn5 = nn_function(st_c(BoulderHousingData), st_c(BoulderPrivateSchools), 5))
# St_Join: Census, Scenic, Geological Hazards, Floodzones, Wildfire
BoulderHousingData <-
st_join(BoulderHousingData, BoulderCensusData)
BoulderHousingData <-
st_join(BoulderHousingData, BoulderGeologicalHazards)
BoulderScenicCorridor <-
BoulderScenicCorridor %>%
mutate(SC = 1)
BoulderFloodZones <-
BoulderFloodZones %>%
mutate(FZ = 1)
BoulderWildfireHistory <-
BoulderWildfireHistory %>%
mutate(WF = 1)
BoulderHousingData <-
st_join(BoulderHousingData, BoulderScenicCorridor)
BoulderHousingData$SC =
ifelse(is.na(BoulderHousingData$SC),0, 1)
BoulderHousingData <-
st_join(BoulderHousingData, BoulderFloodZones)
BoulderHousingData$FZ =
ifelse(is.na(BoulderHousingData$FZ),0, 1)
BoulderHousingData <-
st_join(BoulderHousingData, BoulderWildfireHistory)
BoulderHousingData$WF =
ifelse(is.na(BoulderHousingData$WF),0, 1)Exploratory Maps + Stats
Price Sold Map
This is a map of the homes sold from 2019-2021 by price sold to give further context to the area.
options(scipen = 9999)
#Home Price
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks",
na.value = NA) +
labs(title="Homes Sold By Sale Price, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 1") +
mapTheme()
Internal Variables Map
The following are maps of internal housing characteristics that were included in the modeling process.
options(scipen = 9999)
#Internal Variables
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(TotalFinishedSF)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"TotalFinishedSF"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="Total Finished SF By Homes Sold, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 2.1") +
mapTheme()
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = (qualityCodeDscr)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
labs(title="Quality Description By Homes Sold, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 2.2") +
mapTheme()
Amenities/Services Maps
Below are a series of maps that begin to speak to the relationship between sold home prices and amenities/services across the county. Some of these maps may show descriptive relationships, like how there are a lot of trail heads by expensive homes, but we will explore more of this significance later on.
BoulderSchools1 <- st_intersection(Boulder.Boundary, BoulderSchools)
BoulderTrailHeads1 <- st_intersection(Boulder.Boundary, BoulderTrailHeads)
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderSchools1, color = "violetred", size = 2) +
labs(title="Boulder Schools, Boulder CO",
caption="Figure 2.3") +
mapTheme()
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderTrailHeads1, color = "dodgerblue3", size = 2) +
labs(title="Boulder Trailheads, Boulder CO",
caption="Figure 2.4") +
mapTheme()
Spatial Variables Maps
Lastly, there are maps on spatial variables and home prices.
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = BoulderCensusData, aes(fill = q5(PerBDorHig)), color = "transparent") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "PuBu",
labels = qBr(BoulderCensusData, "PerBDorHig"),
name = "% Bachelors or Higher\n(Quintile Breaks)") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="% Bachelors or Higher, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 2.5") +
mapTheme()
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderScenicCorridor, fill = "honeydew3", color = "transparent") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, fill = "grey50", color = "grey50",
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="Scenic Corridor, Boulder CO",
caption="Figure 2.6") +
mapTheme()
Interesting Variable Maps
Now we’re singling out some even more interesting variables. Total baths is a great indicator for home price and aligns closely with Figure 1–this variable was created from the original dataset that had baths broken up. Another interesting variable is the location of Marijuana Establishments. Marijuana Establishments were included as it is a variable pretty unique to Colorado due to its legalization. From a visual perspective, it seems like the few establishments noted are pretty diverse, but may have some impact in the downtown area. Lastly, we mapped a geological hazard variable by the county. Later in the analysis, we will see how this variable is deemed very significant to the overall price prediction model. In the downtown area, there is a stretch of moderate hazard areas near potentially a clustering of lower priced homes.
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(totalbaths)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"totalbaths"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="Total Baths By Homes Sold, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 2.7") +
mapTheme()
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderMarijuanaEstablishments, color = "mediumpurple3", size = 2) +
labs(title="Marijuana Establishments, Boulder CO",
caption="Figure 2.8") +
mapTheme()
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderGeologicalHazards, aes(fill = DESCRIPTION), color = "transparent") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "PuBu") +
geom_sf(data = BoulderHousingData, aes(colour = q5(price)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(BoulderHousingData,"price"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="Geological Hazards and Homes Sold, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 2.9") +
mapTheme()
Summary Stats
Provided below is a table of summary statistics that outlines each of our internal and external variables as well as the measures of fit such as the R-squared and adjusted R-squared.
## Polished training set table
#--- Internal
ss_boulderInternal <- BoulderHousingData
ss_boulderInternal <- st_drop_geometry(ss_boulderInternal)
ss_boulderInternal <- ss_boulderInternal %>%
dplyr::select("pricesqft", "totalbaths", "builtYear", "bsmtSF", "carStorageSF", "nbrBedRoom", "nbrRoomsNobath", "mainfloorSF", "TotalFinishedSF")
stargazer(as.data.frame(ss_boulderInternal), type="html", digits=1, title = "Descriptive Statistics for Boulder Homes Internal Variables (Figure 3.1)", out = "Training_BoulderInternal.txt")| Statistic | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
| pricesqft | 11,264 | 1,085.4 | 29,927.0 | 0.0 | 261.3 | 473.6 | 1,520,000.0 |
| totalbaths | 11,364 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0 | 2 | 3.5 | 12 |
| builtYear | 11,364 | 1,987.2 | 26.8 | 1,860 | 1,972 | 2,006 | 2,021 |
| bsmtSF | 11,364 | 743.7 | 627.4 | 0 | 133.8 | 1,125 | 4,534 |
| carStorageSF | 11,364 | 471.9 | 235.9 | 0 | 380 | 600 | 3,040 |
| nbrBedRoom | 11,364 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 24 |
| nbrRoomsNobath | 11,364 | 7.4 | 2.1 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 28 |
| mainfloorSF | 11,364 | 1,313.5 | 607.2 | 0 | 923 | 1,619 | 7,795 |
| TotalFinishedSF | 11,364 | 1,955.4 | 892.6 | 0 | 1,276 | 2,443.2 | 10,188 |
#--- Amenities/Services
ss_boulderAS <- BoulderHousingData
ss_boulderAS <- st_drop_geometry(ss_boulderAS)
ss_boulderAS <- ss_boulderAS %>%
dplyr::select("libraries_nn1", "trailheads_nn1", "ME_nn1","public_nn1","private_nn1")
stargazer(as.data.frame(ss_boulderAS), type="html", digits=1, title="Descriptive Statistics for Boulder Homes Amenities and Services Variables (Figure 3.2)", out = "Training_BoulderExternal.txt")| Statistic | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
| libraries_nn1 | 11,364 | 10,673.2 | 7,832.2 | 168.0 | 5,111.2 | 13,615.9 | 69,429.6 |
| trailheads_nn1 | 11,364 | 3,909.8 | 2,749.0 | 72.2 | 2,013.9 | 5,215.6 | 31,687.6 |
| ME_nn1 | 11,364 | 14,213.8 | 12,012.0 | 694.0 | 7,970.4 | 15,917.6 | 95,516.0 |
| public_nn1 | 11,364 | 4,163.6 | 5,944.6 | 83.2 | 1,651.8 | 4,252.0 | 68,222.0 |
| private_nn1 | 11,364 | 7,315.3 | 12,480.0 | 55.3 | 2,056.6 | 6,605.3 | 103,817.3 |
#--- Amenities/Services
ss_boulderSpatial <- BoulderHousingData
ss_boulderSpatial <- st_drop_geometry(ss_boulderSpatial)
ss_boulderSpatial <- ss_boulderSpatial %>%
dplyr::select("PerBDorHig","PerWhitePo","MedHHInc")
stargazer(as.data.frame(ss_boulderSpatial), type="html", digits=1, title="Descriptive Statistics for Boulder Homes Spatial Structure Variables (Figure 3.3)", out = "Training_BoulderExternal.txt")| Statistic | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
| PerBDorHig | 11,364 | 63.4 | 16.4 | 0.0 | 53.3 | 73.9 | 94.8 |
| PerWhitePo | 11,364 | 89.9 | 5.4 | 51 | 87.0 | 93.4 | 100 |
| MedHHInc | 11,364 | 102,764.3 | 34,941.3 | 0 | 81,518 | 123,750 | 241,161 |
Splitting Data for Regressions
## Setting toPrecict==0
Training_Boulder <- filter(BoulderHousingData, toPredict == 0) #removed 100Exploratory Data Analysis: Correlations
Exploratory Data Analysis: Scatterplots + Category Variables
The next chunk of code begins to explore the relationships between the variables and home prices. Below are scatterplots, descriptive statistics, and a barplot. For example, the last chart is a barplot of quality by house price, indicating that the higher the quality of the house, the more expensive the house sells for. These help inform which variables we pick for the model later on.
options(scipen = 9999) #turns off scientific notation and how many points
Training_BoulderPlot <- ## IMPORTANT
Training_Boulder %>%
filter(price < 10000000)
## Scatterplot
st_drop_geometry(Training_BoulderPlot) %>%
dplyr::select(price, pricesqft, totalbaths, qualityCode, builtYear, bsmtSF, carStorageSF,nbrBedRoom,
nbrRoomsNobath, mainfloorSF, TotalFinishedSF, Ac, Heating, PerBDorHig, PerWhitePo,
MedHHInc, ) %>%
filter(price < 10000000) %>%
gather(Variable, Value, -price) %>%
ggplot(aes(Value, price)) +
geom_point(size = .5) + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se=F, colour = "#FA7800") +
facet_wrap(~Variable, ncol = 3, scales = "free") +
labs(title = "Price as a function of continuous variables",
caption="Figure 4.1") +
plotTheme()
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
Exploratory Data Analysis: Categorical Variable
# separate because above has specific figure height
## Barplot
plot <-
st_drop_geometry(Training_Boulder) %>%
dplyr::select(price, qualityCodeDscr) %>%
gather(Variable, Value, -price) %>%
ggplot(aes(Value, price)) +
geom_bar(position = "dodge", stat = "summary", fun.y = "mean") +
facet_wrap(~Variable, ncol = 1, scales = "free") +
labs(title = "Price as a function of\ncategorical variables", y = "Mean_Price",
caption="Figure 4.2") +
plotTheme() + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
plot
## No summary function supplied, defaulting to `mean_se()`
Exploratory Data Analysis: Correlation Matrix
Below is another visualization explaining correlation. For this visualization, we are mostly focused on price and how it relates to the variables that might be included in the model. We notice that there are some variables with strong positive and negative correlations, which begins our selection process.
## Correlation Matrix
numericVars <- st_drop_geometry(Training_Boulder) %>%
dplyr::select(price, TotalFinishedSF, mainfloorSF, nbrBedRoom, qualityCode, builtYear, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, libraries_nn4, trailheads_nn5, ME_nn5, public_nn1, private_nn5, TotalPop, WhitePop, PerWhitePo, PerNonWhit, PerBDorHig, MedHHInc) %>%
select(where(is.numeric)) %>%
na.omit()
ggcorrplot(
round(cor(numericVars), 1),
p.mat = cor_pmat(numericVars),
colors = c("#25CB10", "white", "#FA7800"),
type="lower",
insig = "blank") +
labs(title = "Figure 1: Sale Price Correlation with Numeric Variables",
caption="Figure 4.3") +
plotTheme()
## Pearson's Test
cor.test(Training_Boulder$price, Training_Boulder$libraries_nn1, method = "pearson")
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: Training_Boulder$price and Training_Boulder$libraries_nn1
## t = -2.7543, df = 11262, p-value = 0.005892
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.044391355 -0.007481029
## sample estimates:
## cor
## -0.02594503Interesting Scatterplots by Sale Price
Below are interesting scatterplots pulled from prior code. All of these scatterplots depict either rising or falling home prices in relation to distance to/from or concentration of certain populations.
## Marijuana Establishments
ME <- ggplot(data = Training_BoulderPlot, aes(x = ME_nn5, y = price)) +
geom_point(size=2, shape=20) +
labs(title = "Marijuana Establishments", subtitle = "Boulder County, Colorado", caption="Figure 4.4") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se=F, colour = "red") +
plotTheme()
## Bachelor's Degree or Higher
BD <- ggplot(data = Training_BoulderPlot, aes(x = PerBDorHig, y = price)) +
geom_point(size=2, shape=20) +
labs(title = "Bachelor's Degree or Higher", subtitle = "Boulder County, Colorado", caption="Figure 4.5") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se=F, colour = "red") +
plotTheme()
## Libraries
LB <- ggplot(data = Training_BoulderPlot, aes(x = libraries_nn5, y = price)) +
geom_point(size=2, shape=20) +
labs(title = "Libraries", subtitle = "Boulder County, Colorado", caption="Figure 4.6") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se=F, colour = "red") +
plotTheme()
## Percent Non-White
NW <- ggplot(data = Training_BoulderPlot, aes(x = PerNonWhit, y = price)) +
geom_point(size=2, shape=20) +
labs(title = "Percent Non-White", subtitle = "Boulder County, Colorado", caption="Figure 4.7") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se=F, colour = "red") +
plotTheme()
grid.arrange(ME, BD, LB, NW, nrow = 2)
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
Regression Model
Below is our regression model. The one with categorical variables is our model in final form that was adjusted, significantly, from the first variation. This model includes: basement SF, carstorage SF, total finished SF, # of rooms, total baths, % bachelors or higher, distance from libraries, distance from trailheads, distance from marijuana establishments, distance from private schools, description of geological hazards, basement type, car storage type, quality code description (the state of the housing), block groups, distance from lakes and reservoirs, proximity to scenic corridor, flood zones, and wildfires. We tried to make sure these variables were not colinear. Overall, the many of the variables appeared significant. Our adjusted R-Squared value indicates that our model accounts for 56% of the home price variation.
# First Regression Test
first.regression <- lm(price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(Training_Boulder) %>%
dplyr::select(price, TotalFinishedSF, mainfloorSF, nbrBedRoom, qualityCode, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, TotalPop, PerBDorHig, MedHHInc, libraries_nn2, libraries_nn3, libraries_nn4, libraries_nn5, trailheads_nn2, trailheads_nn3, trailheads_nn4, trailheads_nn5, ME_nn1, ME_nn5, private_nn1, private_nn2, private_nn5))
summary(first.regression)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(Training_Boulder) %>%
## dplyr::select(price, TotalFinishedSF, mainfloorSF, nbrBedRoom,
## qualityCode, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths,
## TotalPop, PerBDorHig, MedHHInc, libraries_nn2, libraries_nn3,
## libraries_nn4, libraries_nn5, trailheads_nn2, trailheads_nn3,
## trailheads_nn4, trailheads_nn5, ME_nn1, ME_nn5, private_nn1,
## private_nn2, private_nn5))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1709885 -171918 -22981 99409 30738441
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 196345.29270 48627.68990 4.038 0.0000543301 ***
## TotalFinishedSF 119.17307 10.35982 11.503 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## mainfloorSF 133.34692 11.26947 11.833 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## nbrBedRoom -19529.05542 6910.45879 -2.826 0.00472 **
## qualityCode 21682.89502 891.46813 24.323 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## bsmtSF -17.02235 9.11023 -1.868 0.06172 .
## carStorageSF -19.32101 24.38072 -0.792 0.42810
## nbrRoomsNobath 1947.35529 3713.71236 0.524 0.60003
## totalbaths 42322.77776 7700.09970 5.496 0.0000000396 ***
## TotalPop -67.89010 4.09364 -16.584 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PerBDorHig -1071.72288 520.86689 -2.058 0.03965 *
## MedHHInc -0.05499 0.16915 -0.325 0.74510
## libraries_nn2 22.43093 1.99527 11.242 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## libraries_nn3 -34.72349 7.52147 -4.617 0.0000039444 ***
## libraries_nn4 1.31300 18.88616 0.070 0.94458
## libraries_nn5 -4.78124 11.81557 -0.405 0.68574
## trailheads_nn2 -31.92391 11.20344 -2.849 0.00439 **
## trailheads_nn3 69.55257 30.43155 2.286 0.02230 *
## trailheads_nn4 16.45420 36.95272 0.445 0.65613
## trailheads_nn5 -55.38995 19.87625 -2.787 0.00533 **
## ME_nn1 -0.27206 1.33804 -0.203 0.83889
## ME_nn5 7.50064 1.46969 5.104 0.0000003388 ***
## private_nn1 -27.39653 6.90927 -3.965 0.0000737937 ***
## private_nn2 61.28900 10.65348 5.753 0.0000000090 ***
## private_nn5 -34.67539 6.19878 -5.594 0.0000000227 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 458900 on 11239 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4465, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4453
## F-statistic: 377.8 on 24 and 11239 DF, p-value: < 0.00000000000000022
## Regression for Training with CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
regression <- lm(price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(Training_Boulder) %>%
dplyr::select(price, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, TotalFinishedSF, nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, PerBDorHig, libraries_nn4, trailheads_nn5, ME_nn5,private_nn5, DESCRIPTION, bsmtType, carStorageType,qualityCodeDscr, Geo_QName, BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR, SC, FZ, WF))Regression Model Stats
#---Polished LM table of training dataset
stargazer(regression, type="html", digits=1, title="Linear Model of Training Dataset (Figure 5)", out = "Training LM.txt")| Dependent variable: | |
| price | |
| bsmtSF | 10.3 |
| (10.1) | |
| carStorageSF | 33.3 |
| (28.6) | |
| TotalFinishedSF | 154.1*** |
| (9.6) | |
| nbrRoomsNobath | -1,397.7 |
| (3,086.9) | |
| totalbaths | 16,143.8** |
| (7,076.5) | |
| PerBDorHig | 42,510.5*** |
| (5,987.3) | |
| libraries_nn4 | -3.6 |
| (3.3) | |
| trailheads_nn5 | -1.3 |
| (2.9) | |
| ME_nn5 | 3.7 |
| (2.5) | |
| private_nn5 | -2.0 |
| (3.0) | |
| DESCRIPTIONMinor Constraint | 27,095.4 |
| (36,251.2) | |
| DESCRIPTIONModerate Constraint | 9,949.2 |
| (31,116.4) | |
| DESCRIPTIONModerate Hazard | 1,414.6 |
| (50,054.4) | |
| bsmtTypeBGF | 55,866.2** |
| (27,680.4) | |
| bsmtTypeBGU | 23,925.8 |
| (45,681.6) | |
| bsmtTypeBSF | 35,633.3** |
| (16,192.8) | |
| bsmtTypeBSU | -4,670.8 |
| (15,942.0) | |
| bsmtTypeBWF | 80,472.1*** |
| (22,991.7) | |
| bsmtTypeBWU | 34,893.4 |
| (32,925.7) | |
| bsmtTypeLGF | 70,736.8*** |
| (19,965.9) | |
| bsmtTypeLGU | -74,732.2 |
| (125,187.4) | |
| bsmtTypeLWF | 132,373.2** |
| (66,224.8) | |
| bsmtTypeLWU | 159,855.5 |
| (238,321.1) | |
| carStorageTypeGRA | 33,339.5 |
| (21,685.3) | |
| carStorageTypeGRB | 124,217.4*** |
| (40,062.1) | |
| carStorageTypeGRC | 27,330.0 |
| (33,716.7) | |
| carStorageTypeGRD | 55,781.9** |
| (23,459.9) | |
| carStorageTypeGRF | 56,075.0 |
| (140,928.7) | |
| carStorageTypeGRW | -9,676.4 |
| (140,672.5) | |
| qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE + | -34,962.7* |
| (18,209.2) | |
| qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE ++ | 4,737.3 |
| (18,702.9) | |
| qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT | 1,039,717.0*** |
| (42,509.8) | |
| qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT + | 1,306,857.0*** |
| (89,732.6) | |
| qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT++ | 1,955,621.0*** |
| (73,962.1) | |
| qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 1 | 1,071,956.0*** |
| (93,026.2) | |
| qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 2 | 1,774,304.0*** |
| (244,641.5) | |
| qualityCodeDscrFAIR | -805.0 |
| (44,525.6) | |
| qualityCodeDscrGOOD | 62,923.9*** |
| (13,710.0) | |
| qualityCodeDscrGOOD + | 78,699.8*** |
| (21,771.4) | |
| qualityCodeDscrGOOD ++ | 167,052.5*** |
| (20,808.2) | |
| qualityCodeDscrLOW | -75,675.0 |
| (92,240.8) | |
| qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD | 258,375.6*** |
| (22,114.9) | |
| qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD + | 472,905.4*** |
| (37,100.2) | |
| qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ++ | 592,803.6*** |
| (31,195.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -414,700.5*** |
| (113,299.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -724,894.0*** |
| (122,861.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -213,413.5** |
| (95,278.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -328,073.3** |
| (145,401.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -483,263.9*** |
| (156,346.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -813,680.9*** |
| (128,553.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 820,640.8*** |
| (115,490.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -160,936.0 |
| (248,988.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado | -332,138.5 |
| (423,275.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 3,168,943.0*** |
| (595,485.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,027,585.0*** |
| (107,562.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -874,507.5*** |
| (125,368.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -380,210.2*** |
| (97,365.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,137,168.0*** |
| (128,602.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado | -870,708.0*** |
| (106,605.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -605,378.4*** |
| (127,428.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado | -796,433.9*** |
| (125,800.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,162,334.0*** |
| (110,973.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -743,874.9*** |
| (81,271.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -279,211.7* |
| (159,997.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -496,713.3** |
| (195,207.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,671,508.0*** |
| (324,853.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -767,062.0*** |
| (111,263.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado | -894,755.7*** |
| (115,968.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -425,778.9*** |
| (136,994.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | -972,434.8*** |
| (108,124.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,223,904.0*** |
| (107,346.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -516,051.8*** |
| (104,155.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 283,337.5 |
| (182,130.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -184,769.1 |
| (135,193.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -929,742.6*** |
| (106,504.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -195,381.3 |
| (133,682.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -325,161.2*** |
| (114,555.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado | -789,322.6*** |
| (98,577.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 225,169.7 |
| (186,992.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 687,374.4*** |
| (195,653.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -624,005.2*** |
| (106,893.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -101,026.0 |
| (162,679.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 155,764.3 |
| (186,370.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 748,537.1*** |
| (258,720.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,039,777.0*** |
| (102,775.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado | 107,620.2 |
| (184,904.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,079,613.0*** |
| (98,274.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 497,693.4** |
| (216,378.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 638,325.1** |
| (251,668.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 853,981.9*** |
| (277,529.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 877,456.8*** |
| (277,364.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 525,485.3** |
| (233,362.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,099,493.0*** |
| (302,269.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,738,769.0*** |
| (390,899.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,007,195.0*** |
| (301,599.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,784,873.0*** |
| (400,443.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 142,918.0 |
| (196,311.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 721,257.4*** |
| (261,843.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -61,222.4 |
| (166,831.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -164,629.4 |
| (126,511.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -190,784.1 |
| (120,487.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -438,268.4*** |
| (98,721.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,166,253.0*** |
| (133,852.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado | -78,474.8 |
| (132,558.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado | -922,295.6*** |
| (154,491.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 343,703.9 |
| (267,019.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado | -100,063.8 |
| (138,607.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,419,257.0*** |
| (133,481.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,119,737.0*** |
| (95,122.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -810,425.4*** |
| (160,254.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -586,597.7*** |
| (97,521.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -235,015.2** |
| (103,037.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,120,050.0*** |
| (143,142.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,259,654.0*** |
| (260,819.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -352,820.0*** |
| (121,401.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -4,851.1 |
| (193,987.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -605,715.5*** |
| (89,516.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -152,449.4 |
| (150,344.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,404,906.0*** |
| (434,452.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 905,622.0*** |
| (208,401.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -320,965.5** |
| (136,003.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -785,313.2*** |
| (111,333.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,201,601.0*** |
| (118,081.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -685,689.0*** |
| (143,723.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado | -893,179.7*** |
| (102,902.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,190,824.0*** |
| (143,247.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado | -371,068.3*** |
| (99,876.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -585,189.0*** |
| (96,149.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -698,837.9*** |
| (180,119.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -972,369.0*** |
| (126,747.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,051,965.0*** |
| (134,291.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -312,381.2** |
| (121,613.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,064,505.0*** |
| (130,392.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,051,178.0*** |
| (112,759.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | -838,021.9*** |
| (105,580.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -573,348.7*** |
| (96,431.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 237,720.7 |
| (184,563.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -834,982.0*** |
| (100,168.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -120,239.3 |
| (142,137.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado | -891,738.0*** |
| (102,853.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -64,391.5 |
| (127,890.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado | -899,334.4*** |
| (106,519.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -401,903.6*** |
| (149,742.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -995,387.4*** |
| (102,524.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -360,989.1** |
| (146,301.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 551,406.9** |
| (235,870.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado | -606,698.5*** |
| (111,183.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado | -490,975.2*** |
| (118,805.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado | -48,856.5 |
| (163,052.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -676,463.6*** |
| (146,205.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 562,575.4** |
| (234,681.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,066,049.0*** |
| (303,115.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 566,051.2** |
| (233,489.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,261,520.0*** |
| (323,829.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 933,402.7*** |
| (271,072.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 111,330.5 |
| (190,241.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,455,456.0*** |
| (353,099.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,362,445.0*** |
| (358,875.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 330,552.1 |
| (214,410.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -624,917.0*** |
| (140,051.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -317,829.1** |
| (127,830.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 182,136.6 |
| (149,388.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -995,901.0*** |
| (124,610.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -675,457.1*** |
| (83,419.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado | -826,620.1*** |
| (88,718.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado | -288,591.7** |
| (115,808.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | -31,929.5 |
| (156,806.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado | -392,311.8*** |
| (112,893.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,373,841.0*** |
| (124,804.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -513,410.5*** |
| (129,001.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -363,900.6*** |
| (111,132.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -630,584.4*** |
| (98,674.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -910,585.8*** |
| (121,791.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -467,225.4*** |
| (135,594.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -503,127.3*** |
| (135,036.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -592,603.5*** |
| (173,476.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,158,094.0*** |
| (180,548.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -815,073.3*** |
| (129,488.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -548,616.1*** |
| (120,467.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -191,141.1 |
| (126,293.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -571,895.7*** |
| (106,221.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado | -490,827.8*** |
| (100,092.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,138,607.0*** |
| (137,963.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -759,592.1*** |
| (91,292.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -641,461.6*** |
| (123,979.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -695,699.3*** |
| (105,513.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -688,848.0*** |
| (115,450.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | -943,203.2*** |
| (98,331.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -798,487.0*** |
| (128,403.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado | -719,667.8*** |
| (95,569.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -220,150.0 |
| (145,370.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -551,009.7*** |
| (139,119.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 24,108.3 |
| (174,790.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 688,775.9*** |
| (249,545.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,958,238.0*** |
| (448,039.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado | -333,174.6** |
| (132,215.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado | -969,862.8*** |
| (101,716.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 638,747.0*** |
| (244,866.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -144,371.3 |
| (167,648.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 269,082.6 |
| (200,911.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 598,168.3** |
| (235,786.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -553,533.6*** |
| (132,805.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,169,680.0*** |
| (308,955.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,488,358.0*** |
| (366,089.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 594,575.8** |
| (241,048.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 361,807.4* |
| (189,748.3) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -865,329.7*** |
| (123,892.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -307,511.1*** |
| (100,304.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado | -879,864.0*** |
| (110,620.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | -224,579.6* |
| (128,987.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 43,814.9 |
| (112,151.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -229,963.6*** |
| (82,036.1) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | -776,250.9*** |
| (118,083.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -948,949.6*** |
| (228,568.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,059,789.0*** |
| (143,573.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,242,831.0*** |
| (169,031.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | -655,450.8*** |
| (142,897.8) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,362,288.0*** |
| (155,796.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -454,678.1*** |
| (103,425.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | -1,249,333.0*** |
| (139,105.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | -742,076.8*** |
| (106,635.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | -547,321.1*** |
| (98,588.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 65,601.0 |
| (169,457.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -185,343.4 |
| (173,355.0) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 365,578.7* |
| (218,366.9) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | -627,977.6*** |
| (94,037.5) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 103,583.1 |
| (137,302.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 942,748.9*** |
| (266,016.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -697,240.0*** |
| (101,667.6) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | -196,742.6 |
| (130,396.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 361,085.4* |
| (200,906.7) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,054,726.0*** |
| (289,631.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -43,052.2 |
| (103,074.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 1,253,443.0*** |
| (322,018.2) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | -244,101.0*** |
| (91,464.4) | |
| Geo_QNameBlock Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | |
| BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR | -10,203.7 |
| (11,845.2) | |
| SC | 24,002.5 |
| (73,857.9) | |
| FZ | 41,391.3 |
| (56,701.4) | |
| WF | -132,665.8** |
| (63,584.8) | |
| Constant | -2,008,838.0*** |
| (446,861.7) | |
| Observations | 11,250 |
| R2 | 0.6 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.6 |
| Residual Std. Error | 409,458.4 (df = 11010) |
| F Statistic | 60.6*** (df = 239; 11010) |
| Note: | p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01 |
Partition and Predictions
At this point, our data was partitioned in a 75/25 training and test split. First we ran a regression on a training set, which contained 75% of the data. Then using this regression, we carry it over and test its generalizability on the test set.
set.seed(999) #makes sure data is split same way every time
## Partition
inTrain <- createDataPartition(
y = paste(Training_Boulder$DESCRIPTION, Training_Boulder$Geo_QName),
p = .75, list = FALSE)
## Creating the training and test set
TrainingBoulder <- BoulderHousingData[inTrain,]
TestBoulder <- BoulderHousingData[-inTrain,]
## Regression on training set post partition.
regression_trainingboulder <- lm(price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(TrainingBoulder) %>%
dplyr::select(price, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, TotalFinishedSF, nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, PerBDorHig, libraries_nn4, trailheads_nn5, ME_nn5,private_nn5, DESCRIPTION, bsmtType, carStorageType,qualityCodeDscr, Geo_QName, BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR, SC, FZ, WF))
summary(regression_trainingboulder)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(TrainingBoulder) %>%
## dplyr::select(price, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, TotalFinishedSF,
## nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, PerBDorHig, libraries_nn4,
## trailheads_nn5, ME_nn5, private_nn5, DESCRIPTION, bsmtType,
## carStorageType, qualityCodeDscr, Geo_QName, BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR,
## SC, FZ, WF))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2262503 -86986 -2820 75166 6300855
##
## Coefficients: (1 not defined because of singularities)
## Estimate
## (Intercept) -1830781.180
## bsmtSF 4.008
## carStorageSF 20.938
## TotalFinishedSF 160.146
## nbrRoomsNobath 1820.257
## totalbaths 13151.674
## PerBDorHig 39831.237
## libraries_nn4 -1.714
## trailheads_nn5 -1.828
## ME_nn5 3.544
## private_nn5 -3.064
## DESCRIPTIONMinor Constraint 30858.273
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Constraint -2221.546
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Hazard 16416.682
## bsmtTypeBGF 48020.697
## bsmtTypeBGU 14841.480
## bsmtTypeBSF 41704.479
## bsmtTypeBSU 7111.204
## bsmtTypeBWF 69043.475
## bsmtTypeBWU 20100.794
## bsmtTypeLGF 73803.351
## bsmtTypeLGU -40591.945
## bsmtTypeLWF 115887.052
## bsmtTypeLWU 171249.167
## carStorageTypeGRA 32086.518
## carStorageTypeGRB 110970.205
## carStorageTypeGRC -55359.599
## carStorageTypeGRD 57900.923
## carStorageTypeGRF 124914.322
## carStorageTypeGRW -27496.618
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE + -29514.689
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE ++ 7226.677
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT 1028807.503
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT + 1406533.910
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT++ 1959720.325
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 1 1036688.685
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 2 1735189.691
## qualityCodeDscrFAIR 15509.062
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD 60383.927
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD + 77692.040
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD ++ 166498.453
## qualityCodeDscrLOW -78892.282
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD 252383.398
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD + 438705.471
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ++ 624154.416
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -393981.232
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado -685379.532
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado -217635.421
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado -371550.046
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado -638958.818
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -740535.861
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -703513.874
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado -141931.905
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado -267877.668
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 2968765.114
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado -997807.489
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado -851919.754
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado -392081.985
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado -1092264.737
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado -873569.812
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -519692.965
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado -745681.722
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado -1146642.566
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado -704577.028
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -314098.678
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado -565986.836
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado 1554519.698
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -772635.074
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado -917223.117
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado -363268.257
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -988405.092
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado -1205724.778
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado -551745.381
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 193026.131
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado -256599.217
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -924698.385
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado -245343.292
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado -390193.194
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado -794794.880
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado 127502.049
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado 607006.373
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado -685925.774
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado -180176.297
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 52787.000
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 604271.538
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado -1080757.285
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 14330.260
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado -1115741.559
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 361168.250
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 496191.497
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 700047.963
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 718174.931
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 395629.250
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 931358.271
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 1538567.333
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 844824.349
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 1560637.599
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado 17433.483
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 573291.710
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado -165585.942
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado -292172.363
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado -208499.217
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -470348.200
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -1110392.763
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado -121896.655
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado -924156.102
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 195926.875
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado -166838.466
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado -1423596.264
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado -1126338.680
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado -752473.951
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -522925.337
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado -248683.602
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado -1075026.995
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 1134812.838
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado -323822.454
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -268881.300
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -613146.014
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado -147622.825
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado -1246902.731
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 900705.585
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado -369571.130
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado -770573.006
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado -1139908.284
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado -687585.146
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado -835404.781
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -1144123.854
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado -368905.561
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado -594275.574
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado -677502.664
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -946039.158
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado -1041000.711
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado -485837.584
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -1075236.205
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado -1017472.058
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -886850.739
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado -606609.662
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 144486.622
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado -899960.260
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -137314.968
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado -894205.926
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado -120176.266
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado -903805.355
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado -357967.305
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado -1013275.283
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado -426185.520
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 424756.919
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado -685167.833
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado -570289.983
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado -147020.588
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado -763995.574
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 433190.141
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 896208.736
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 404267.661
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 1092179.209
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 811181.782
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado -5328.122
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 1254134.571
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 1159635.289
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 204056.881
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado -709409.004
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado -358934.775
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado 132118.736
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -938807.597
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -666019.929
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado -863241.547
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado -348598.840
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado -88434.151
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado -449326.812
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado -1340148.422
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado -410062.506
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -231288.101
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado -630882.952
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado -876101.248
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado -508100.180
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -455839.115
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -606423.716
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 1358754.657
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado -730361.101
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado -550762.643
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado -175128.759
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado -561613.988
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado -509022.057
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -1112915.575
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -764134.208
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado -672916.545
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -739334.210
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado -709343.491
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -983159.914
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -749859.980
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado -738632.936
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado -287619.408
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado -619599.595
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado -50518.352
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 557018.178
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 1736076.038
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado -418286.751
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado -1002710.795
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 512945.156
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado -242881.554
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 163650.769
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 461756.585
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado -630656.679
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 1039983.939
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 1286691.475
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 449359.649
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 302306.535
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -787522.168
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -332144.339
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado -891480.172
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado -285315.754
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado -48119.923
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -231921.567
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado -686187.280
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -823873.801
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -1031185.087
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado -1161978.511
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -555773.548
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado -1288853.630
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -454765.842
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -1260506.900
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -821120.551
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -574266.117
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado -38980.006
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado -281534.571
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 266155.262
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -621649.854
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 57437.985
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 822539.197
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -640898.878
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -275954.031
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 237701.907
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 936989.856
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -62918.967
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 1112595.335
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -238369.152
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado NA
## BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR -13109.885
## SC 9059.834
## FZ 5530.025
## WF -178965.842
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 374593.757
## bsmtSF 8.307
## carStorageSF 23.754
## TotalFinishedSF 7.894
## nbrRoomsNobath 2554.822
## totalbaths 5830.698
## PerBDorHig 4993.643
## libraries_nn4 2.807
## trailheads_nn5 2.426
## ME_nn5 2.124
## private_nn5 2.439
## DESCRIPTIONMinor Constraint 29306.956
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Constraint 25167.984
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Hazard 40275.938
## bsmtTypeBGF 22612.001
## bsmtTypeBGU 36731.981
## bsmtTypeBSF 13332.269
## bsmtTypeBSU 13108.877
## bsmtTypeBWF 18978.679
## bsmtTypeBWU 26992.827
## bsmtTypeLGF 16513.676
## bsmtTypeLGU 99500.934
## bsmtTypeLWF 57048.579
## bsmtTypeLWU 171335.282
## carStorageTypeGRA 17837.970
## carStorageTypeGRB 32966.895
## carStorageTypeGRC 28219.491
## carStorageTypeGRD 19401.927
## carStorageTypeGRF 177067.471
## carStorageTypeGRW 101786.114
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE + 15083.457
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE ++ 15203.778
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT 34119.977
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT + 74691.703
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT++ 61871.939
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 1 78392.331
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 2 176935.069
## qualityCodeDscrFAIR 36035.482
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD 11318.144
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD + 17979.002
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD ++ 17208.878
## qualityCodeDscrLOW 70607.081
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD 18216.439
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD + 31221.409
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ++ 26105.690
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 93974.791
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado 100222.481
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado 78756.657
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 119488.393
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado 120804.303
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 105595.715
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado 95690.232
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 181059.654
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado 306443.293
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 466131.959
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado 87174.823
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado 102126.494
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado 80751.631
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado 105318.844
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado 86558.552
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado 104097.817
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado 101297.326
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado 90742.225
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado 66427.519
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado 129071.423
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado 156383.285
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado 268845.281
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado 92031.325
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado 96338.152
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado 111101.498
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado 89644.439
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado 88513.338
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado 87316.730
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 152955.645
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado 113763.336
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 88370.393
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado 112190.198
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado 96246.644
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado 81239.010
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado 157351.580
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado 160512.031
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado 88837.856
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado 137367.438
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 157116.214
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 217603.411
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 85289.160
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 155873.261
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado 81202.243
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 182068.465
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 211787.072
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 233494.987
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 233425.011
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 196347.042
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 253865.685
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 327919.263
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 253287.286
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 335841.058
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado 165435.730
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 220057.250
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 140459.539
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 106041.208
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado 99846.412
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 82112.606
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 110340.104
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado 111794.828
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado 124883.883
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 222423.632
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado 116752.496
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado 109444.830
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado 78325.779
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado 131783.471
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 79578.758
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado 84280.441
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado 117141.636
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 214885.207
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado 98203.319
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 155900.089
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado 74010.720
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 122579.001
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado 316948.698
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 173280.324
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado 111435.394
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado 90966.644
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado 96427.750
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado 115723.925
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado 83756.195
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado 117141.962
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado 82827.370
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado 79077.822
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado 142146.036
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado 104515.360
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado 110242.609
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado 99507.030
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado 107656.174
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado 91793.075
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado 88097.093
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado 80758.301
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 155158.188
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado 83206.412
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 118640.944
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado 84677.872
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado 107749.044
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado 87642.200
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado 120945.491
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado 84671.624
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 122878.443
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 198535.153
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 93548.176
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 99586.000
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado 137052.555
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 121149.988
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 197663.363
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 254842.600
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 196681.396
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 272228.497
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 227654.311
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 159979.765
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 296426.275
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 299869.465
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 180618.670
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 117422.182
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 106393.371
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado 122299.004
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 101944.581
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 68670.284
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado 73522.143
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado 96862.352
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 130337.432
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado 94788.036
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado 102340.145
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado 106015.361
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 90918.211
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado 81120.904
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 99447.971
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado 111135.797
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 111346.451
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado 136514.471
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 142454.773
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 105758.622
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado 98139.332
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado 105212.676
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado 86472.918
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado 82131.915
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado 113110.637
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado 74637.132
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado 101000.906
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado 87999.723
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado 94358.527
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado 82121.451
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 105372.667
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado 79347.775
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado 121525.739
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado 117001.743
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 147485.364
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 209814.183
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 372956.220
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 111319.715
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado 84198.210
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 205670.312
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 141190.762
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 169036.014
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 198319.307
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 111426.337
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 259509.193
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 307044.304
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 202631.180
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 159238.657
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 102315.849
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 81791.858
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado 91498.392
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 108531.549
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado 91907.467
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 67525.042
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 96787.957
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 188695.226
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado 114498.246
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 138668.147
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado 113021.987
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado 126820.119
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado 85766.127
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado 114625.577
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado 88586.823
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 82693.362
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 142762.715
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 145887.665
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 183731.569
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 77363.018
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 113082.370
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 223068.120
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 82805.936
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado 109746.059
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 169407.503
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 243294.573
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 85386.182
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 270050.602
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 75291.262
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado NA
## BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR 9833.762
## SC 62967.061
## FZ 47801.269
## WF 52887.019
## t value
## (Intercept) -4.887
## bsmtSF 0.482
## carStorageSF 0.881
## TotalFinishedSF 20.286
## nbrRoomsNobath 0.712
## totalbaths 2.256
## PerBDorHig 7.976
## libraries_nn4 -0.611
## trailheads_nn5 -0.754
## ME_nn5 1.668
## private_nn5 -1.256
## DESCRIPTIONMinor Constraint 1.053
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Constraint -0.088
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Hazard 0.408
## bsmtTypeBGF 2.124
## bsmtTypeBGU 0.404
## bsmtTypeBSF 3.128
## bsmtTypeBSU 0.542
## bsmtTypeBWF 3.638
## bsmtTypeBWU 0.745
## bsmtTypeLGF 4.469
## bsmtTypeLGU -0.408
## bsmtTypeLWF 2.031
## bsmtTypeLWU 0.999
## carStorageTypeGRA 1.799
## carStorageTypeGRB 3.366
## carStorageTypeGRC -1.962
## carStorageTypeGRD 2.984
## carStorageTypeGRF 0.705
## carStorageTypeGRW -0.270
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE + -1.957
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE ++ 0.475
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT 30.153
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT + 18.831
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT++ 31.674
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 1 13.224
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 2 9.807
## qualityCodeDscrFAIR 0.430
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD 5.335
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD + 4.321
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD ++ 9.675
## qualityCodeDscrLOW -1.117
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD 13.855
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD + 14.051
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ++ 23.909
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -4.192
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado -6.839
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado -2.763
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado -3.110
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado -5.289
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -7.013
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -7.352
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado -0.784
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado -0.874
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 6.369
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado -11.446
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado -8.342
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado -4.855
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado -10.371
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado -10.092
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -4.992
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado -7.361
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado -12.636
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado -10.607
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -2.434
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado -3.619
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado 5.782
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -8.395
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado -9.521
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado -3.270
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -11.026
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado -13.622
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado -6.319
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 1.262
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado -2.256
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -10.464
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado -2.187
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado -4.054
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado -9.783
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.810
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado 3.782
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado -7.721
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado -1.312
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.336
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 2.777
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado -12.672
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 0.092
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado -13.740
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 1.984
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 2.343
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 2.998
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 3.077
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 2.015
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 3.669
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 4.692
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 3.335
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 4.647
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado 0.105
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 2.605
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado -1.179
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado -2.755
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado -2.088
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -5.728
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -10.063
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado -1.090
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado -7.400
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 0.881
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado -1.429
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado -13.007
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado -14.380
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado -5.710
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -6.571
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado -2.951
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado -9.177
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 5.281
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado -3.297
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -1.725
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -8.285
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado -1.204
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado -3.934
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 5.198
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado -3.316
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado -8.471
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado -11.821
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado -5.942
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado -9.974
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -9.767
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado -4.454
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado -7.515
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado -4.766
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -9.052
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado -9.443
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado -4.882
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -9.988
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado -11.084
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -10.067
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado -7.511
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.931
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado -10.816
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -1.157
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado -10.560
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado -1.115
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado -10.312
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado -2.960
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado -11.967
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado -3.468
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 2.139
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado -7.324
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado -5.727
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado -1.073
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado -6.306
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 2.192
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 3.517
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 2.055
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 4.012
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 3.563
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado -0.033
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 4.231
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 3.867
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 1.130
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado -6.042
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado -3.374
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado 1.080
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -9.209
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -9.699
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado -11.741
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado -3.599
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado -0.679
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado -4.740
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado -13.095
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado -3.868
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -2.544
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado -7.777
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado -8.810
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado -4.572
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -4.094
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -4.442
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 9.538
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado -6.906
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado -5.612
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado -1.665
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado -6.495
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado -6.198
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -9.839
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -10.238
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado -6.662
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -8.402
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado -7.518
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -11.972
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -7.116
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado -9.309
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado -2.367
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado -5.296
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado -0.343
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 2.655
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 4.655
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado -3.758
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado -11.909
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 2.494
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado -1.720
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.968
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 2.328
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado -5.660
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 4.008
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 4.191
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 2.218
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 1.898
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -7.697
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -4.061
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado -9.743
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado -2.629
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado -0.524
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -3.435
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado -7.090
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado -4.366
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado -9.006
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado -8.380
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado -4.917
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado -10.163
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado -5.302
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado -10.997
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -9.269
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado -6.945
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado -0.273
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado -1.930
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 1.449
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado -8.035
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.508
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 3.687
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado -7.740
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado -2.514
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 1.403
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 3.851
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -0.737
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 4.120
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado -3.166
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado NA
## BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR -1.333
## SC 0.144
## FZ 0.116
## WF -3.384
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.00000104102056009
## bsmtSF 0.629466
## carStorageSF 0.378098
## TotalFinishedSF < 0.0000000000000002
## nbrRoomsNobath 0.476188
## totalbaths 0.024122
## PerBDorHig 0.00000000000000171
## libraries_nn4 0.541412
## trailheads_nn5 0.451163
## ME_nn5 0.095284
## private_nn5 0.209080
## DESCRIPTIONMinor Constraint 0.292402
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Constraint 0.929665
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Hazard 0.683574
## bsmtTypeBGF 0.033726
## bsmtTypeBGU 0.686188
## bsmtTypeBSF 0.001766
## bsmtTypeBSU 0.587508
## bsmtTypeBWF 0.000276
## bsmtTypeBWU 0.456491
## bsmtTypeLGF 0.00000795439654909
## bsmtTypeLGU 0.683317
## bsmtTypeLWF 0.042249
## bsmtTypeLWU 0.317583
## carStorageTypeGRA 0.072090
## carStorageTypeGRB 0.000766
## carStorageTypeGRC 0.049825
## carStorageTypeGRD 0.002851
## carStorageTypeGRF 0.480543
## carStorageTypeGRW 0.787058
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE + 0.050409
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE ++ 0.634571
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT + < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT++ < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 1 < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 2 < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrFAIR 0.666928
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD 0.00000009798592756
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD + 0.00001569444812479
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD ++ < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrLOW 0.263880
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD + < 0.0000000000000002
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ++ < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00002788659433002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000856420
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado 0.005733
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.001880
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000012597965424
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000251662
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000021383
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 0.433124
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado 0.382061
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000020045958
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000122333906104
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000060861844063
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000019950
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.014974
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000297
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000763938296
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.001081
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000027700459
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.206993
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.024125
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado 0.028781
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00005078801260472
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.417791
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000157
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000001287
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.189679
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.736899
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.005500
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 0.926752
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.047323
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.019159
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 0.002724
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.002100
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.043942
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000245
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000274996198048
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000855
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000342064684430
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado 0.916077
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.009199
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.238477
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.005877
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.036810
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000001051105836
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado 0.275586
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000014934
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 0.378412
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado 0.153044
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000001169166633
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000005293028
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.003180
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000013172190469
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000980
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.084618
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado 0.228505
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00008419504895017
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000020627607224
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000916
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000293630800
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000854242148236
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000006280
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000190881959518
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000106733531356
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000006456
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.351766
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.247142
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.264739
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.003088
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000526
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.032428
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000026277
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000001060273723
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado 0.283423
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000030058656
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.028439
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000439
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.039867
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00006073634466035
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000368
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.973432
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00002353135216414
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000111
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.258607
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000159238620
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000745
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.280043
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000321
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 0.497473
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000216918240430
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000111
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.010980
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000000831
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000490348485158
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00004282327756484
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000901998009544
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000535502
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000002063768836
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.096046
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000008799297
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000060057204
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000002863940
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000006163
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000120115
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.017969
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000012163472595
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.731960
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.007950
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000329156452597
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000173
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.012650
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.085427
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.333002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.019917
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000001565412811
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00006190029130831
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00002811339970276
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado 0.026607
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.057672
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000001553
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00004934404964351
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 0.008583
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.600592
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000596
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000145526
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00001279819744421
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000089386640465
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000011723503969
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado < 0.0000000000000002
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000408338
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.784829
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.053665
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado 0.147484
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000000106
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.611516
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000228
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00000000000001113
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado 0.011940
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.160613
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.000118
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.461219
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado 0.00003826320099329
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado 0.001551
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado NA
## BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR 0.182519
## SC 0.885597
## FZ 0.907903
## WF 0.000718
##
## (Intercept) ***
## bsmtSF
## carStorageSF
## TotalFinishedSF ***
## nbrRoomsNobath
## totalbaths *
## PerBDorHig ***
## libraries_nn4
## trailheads_nn5
## ME_nn5 .
## private_nn5
## DESCRIPTIONMinor Constraint
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Constraint
## DESCRIPTIONModerate Hazard
## bsmtTypeBGF *
## bsmtTypeBGU
## bsmtTypeBSF **
## bsmtTypeBSU
## bsmtTypeBWF ***
## bsmtTypeBWU
## bsmtTypeLGF ***
## bsmtTypeLGU
## bsmtTypeLWF *
## bsmtTypeLWU
## carStorageTypeGRA .
## carStorageTypeGRB ***
## carStorageTypeGRC *
## carStorageTypeGRD **
## carStorageTypeGRF
## carStorageTypeGRW
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE + .
## qualityCodeDscrAVERAGE ++
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT ***
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT + ***
## qualityCodeDscrEXCELLENT++ ***
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 1 ***
## qualityCodeDscrEXCEPTIONAL 2 ***
## qualityCodeDscrFAIR
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD ***
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD + ***
## qualityCodeDscrGOOD ++ ***
## qualityCodeDscrLOW
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ***
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD + ***
## qualityCodeDscrVERY GOOD ++ ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado .
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 123, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado .
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado .
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado .
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado .
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado *
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado ***
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado **
## Geo_QNameBlock Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado
## BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR
## SC
## FZ
## WF ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 293600 on 8304 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7199, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7118
## F-statistic: 89.29 on 239 and 8304 DF, p-value: < 0.00000000000000022
## Using the regression from training, we test it on the TestBoulder dataset.
TestBoulder <-
TestBoulder %>%
mutate(Price.Predict = predict(regression_trainingboulder, TestBoulder),
Price.Error = Price.Predict - price,
Price.AbsError = abs(Price.Predict - price),
Price.APE = (abs(Price.Predict - price)) / Price.Predict)
## CHALLENGE
#Predictions <- filter(TestBoulder, toPredict == 1)
#PredictionsExport <- subset(Predictions, select = c("MUSA_ID", "Price.Predict")) %>% st_drop_geometry()
#write.csv(PredictionsExport, "TheDevelopers.csv")Evaluation Methods
In carrying out the design of our model, we use a variety of methods providing results that will assist us in determining our models power.
After the creation of our regression model, we gather the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for prices to determine accuracy.
Use the K-Fold cross validation method. This method determines the generalizability of our model by creating 100 fold sets and does 100 regressions leaving one part of the data out of the analysis each time.
We then use the Moran’s I tool to look at spatial autocorrelation, or the clustering effect on home prices. This allows us to see if any spatial features influenced the errors in our model.
Accuracy, K-Fold, and Cross Validation
As mentioned above, these are methods to evaluate our model. Our mean MAE (price absolute error) was 157,583 and our MAPE was 22%.
To determine our model’s generalizability even further, we use K-Folds. With our folds set to 100, we run a general regression, then test on these folds. There are definitely some price ranges with higher errors than others. Despite this, a majority of price ranges have below a count of 3 tests errors.
## Accuracy - Mean Absolute Error
MAE <- data.frame(mean(TestBoulder$Price.AbsError, na.rm = T))
MAPE <- data.frame(mean(TestBoulder$Price.APE, na.rm = T)) #MAPE
reg.MAE.MAPE <-
cbind(MAE, MAPE) %>%
kable(caption = "Regression MAE & MAPE (Figure 5.1)") %>%
kable_styling("striped",full_width = F)
reg.MAE.MAPE| mean.TestBoulder.Price.AbsError..na.rm…T. | mean.TestBoulder.Price.APE..na.rm…T. |
|---|---|
| 157583.2 | 0.2233854 |
TestBoulderFilter <-
TestBoulder %>%
filter(price < 10000000)
## K-Fold: Generalizability Cross-Validation
fitControl <- trainControl(method = "cv", number = 100)
set.seed(825)
reg.cv <-
train(price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(TrainingBoulder) %>%
dplyr::select(price, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, TotalFinishedSF,
nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, PerBDorHig, libraries_nn4,
trailheads_nn5, ME_nn5,private_nn5, DESCRIPTION, bsmtType,
carStorageType, qualityCodeDscr, Geo_QName,
BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR, SC, FZ, WF),
method = "lm", trControl = fitControl, na.action = na.pass)
reg.cv <- reg.cv
#This needs to be work-shopped. It stopped working and I don't know why. The code without an object assigned also outputs.
reg.cv$resample[1:5,]
## RMSE Rsquared MAE Resample
## 1 293842.3 0.5805526 148811.3 Fold001
## 2 271232.7 0.6764844 158608.3 Fold002
## 3 415772.3 0.6722201 167755.7 Fold003
## 4 254140.4 0.6430009 155712.7 Fold004
## 5 163574.8 0.8810844 111274.0 Fold005
mean(reg.cv$resample[,3])
## [1] 154584.6
reg.cv$resample[7,]
## RMSE Rsquared MAE Resample
## 7 457194 0.6409066 199433.6 Fold007#leave this separate because of the as is results
stargazer(as.data.frame(reg.cv$resample), type="html", digits=1, title="Cross Validation Results (5.2)", out = "CV.txt") #all cv| Statistic | N | Mean | St. Dev. | Min | Pctl(25) | Pctl(75) | Max |
| RMSE | 100 | 290,220.8 | 105,356.4 | 138,974.0 | 211,393.8 | 335,291.3 | 731,686.9 |
| Rsquared | 100 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| MAE | 100 | 154,584.6 | 27,530.3 | 101,157.6 | 132,582.1 | 172,896.0 | 219,693.0 |
ggplot(reg.cv$resample, aes(x=MAE)) +
geom_histogram(fill = "blue") +
labs(title = "Cross Validation Tests in Mean Average Error", caption="Figure 5.3") +
plotTheme()
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
Moran’s I
The Moran’s I test helps us understand if there is a spatial autocorrelation. A Moran’s I closer to 0 means that spatial factors do not influence our errors. Our Moran’s I is at .25, with a p-value of 0.001, showing that it is statistically significant. This means that spatial factors did influence our errors as it is relatively far from the cluster.
# Set up
inTrain1 <- createDataPartition(
y = paste(Training_Boulder$DESCRIPTION, Training_Boulder$Geo_QName),
p = .75, list = FALSE)
TrainingBoulder1 <- Training_Boulder[inTrain1,]
TestBoulder1 <- Training_Boulder[-inTrain1,]
regression_trainingboulder1 <- lm(price ~ ., data = st_drop_geometry(TrainingBoulder1) %>%
dplyr::select(price, bsmtSF, carStorageSF, TotalFinishedSF, nbrRoomsNobath, totalbaths, PerBDorHig, libraries_nn4, trailheads_nn5, ME_nn5,private_nn5, DESCRIPTION, bsmtType, carStorageType,qualityCodeDscr, Geo_QName, BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR, SC, FZ, WF))
TestBoulder1 <-
TestBoulder1 %>%
mutate(Regression = "Baseline Regression",
Price.Predict = predict(regression_trainingboulder1, TestBoulder1),
Price.Error = Price.Predict - price,
Price.AbsError = abs(Price.Predict - price),
Price.APE = (abs(Price.Predict - price)) / Price.Predict)
# Spatial Lag
coords <- st_coordinates(Training_Boulder)
neighborList <- knn2nb(knearneigh(coords, 5))
spatialWeights <- nb2listw(neighborList, style="W")
Training_Boulder$lagPrice <- lag.listw(spatialWeights, Training_Boulder$price)
# On Errors
coords.test <- st_coordinates(TestBoulder1)
neighborList.test <- knn2nb(knearneigh(coords.test, 5))
spatialWeights.test <- nb2listw(neighborList.test, style="W")
# On Test
TestBoulder1 %>%
mutate(lagPriceError = lag.listw(spatialWeights.test, Price.Error, NAOK = TRUE))
## Simple feature collection with 2708 features and 140 fields
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension: XY
## Bounding box: xmin: 2980586 ymin: 1211307 xmax: 3124860 ymax: 1337888
## Projected CRS: NAD_1983_StatePlane_Colorado_North_FIPS_0501_Feet
## First 10 features:
## price saleDate year year_quarter
## 8 537300 2019-06-13 20:00:00 2019 2019-2
## 27 1650000 2021-04-29 20:00:00 2021 2021-2
## 36 629500 2019-03-26 20:00:00 2019 2019-1
## 37 291500 2019-08-07 20:00:00 2019 2019-3
## 42 550000 2020-07-09 20:00:00 2020 2020-3
## 43 295000 2019-12-10 19:00:00 2019 2019-4
## 46 62000 2020-12-28 19:00:00 2020 2020-4
## 50 475000 2021-04-18 20:00:00 2021 2021-2
## 52 120000 2020-09-24 20:00:00 2020 2020-3
## 53 500000 2019-05-27 20:00:00 2019 2019-2
## address bld_num section_num designCode
## 8 766 CABOT DR ERIE Colorado 1 1 0020
## 27 2427 20TH ST BOULDER Colorado 1 1 0020
## 36 7089 MAGNOLIA DR UNINCORPORATED Colorado 1 1 0020
## 37 255 JACKSON S ST NEDERLAND Colorado 1 1 0010
## 42 1840 RED CLOUD RD LONGMONT Colorado 1 1 0020
## 43 38 5TH E AVE LONGMONT Colorado 1 1 0010
## 46 145 WONDER TRL UNINCORPORATED Colorado 1 1 0010
## 50 1264 TROUT CREEK CIR LONGMONT Colorado 1 1 0020
## 52 186 3RD E ST NEDERLAND Colorado 1 1 0010
## 53 1560 MACARTHUR DR BOULDER Colorado 1 1 0120
## designCodeDscr qualityCode qualityCodeDscr bldgClass
## 8 2-3 Story 40 GOOD 1212
## 27 2-3 Story 40 GOOD 1212
## 36 2-3 Story 31 AVERAGE + 1212
## 37 1 Story - Ranch 10 LOW 1212
## 42 2-3 Story 50 VERY GOOD 1212
## 43 1 Story - Ranch 30 AVERAGE 1212
## 46 1 Story - Ranch 20 FAIR 1212
## 50 2-3 Story 30 AVERAGE 1212
## 52 1 Story - Ranch 40 GOOD 1212
## 53 MULTI STORY- TOWNHOUSE 40 GOOD 1212
## bldgClassDscr ConstCode ConstCodeDscr builtYear CompCode
## 8 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 2018 1.0
## 27 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 1946 1.0
## 36 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 320 Masonry 1967 1.0
## 37 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 1918 1.0
## 42 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 320 Masonry 1993 1.0
## 43 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 1957 1.0
## 46 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 1931 1.0
## 50 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 2001 1.0
## 52 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 0 2020 0.1
## 53 SINGLE FAM RES IMPROVEMENTS 310 Frame 1980 1.0
## EffectiveYear bsmtSF bsmtType bsmtTypeDscr
## 8 2018 1152 BSU SUBTERRANEAN BASEMENT UNFINISHED AREA
## 27 1993 739 BSF SUBTERRANEAN BASEMENT FINISHED AREA
## 36 1985 0 0 0
## 37 1970 0 0 0
## 42 1993 1163 BSF SUBTERRANEAN BASEMENT FINISHED AREA
## 43 1975 0 0 0
## 46 1931 0 0 0
## 50 2001 778 BSU SUBTERRANEAN BASEMENT UNFINISHED AREA
## 52 2020 0 0 0
## 53 1996 552 BSF SUBTERRANEAN BASEMENT FINISHED AREA
## carStorageSF carStorageType carStorageTypeDscr nbrBedRoom nbrRoomsNobath
## 8 480 GRA ATTACHED GARAGE AREA 5 9
## 27 720 GRD DETACHED GARAGE 4 9
## 36 720 GRD DETACHED GARAGE 4 9
## 37 256 GRD DETACHED GARAGE 1 3
## 42 664 GRA ATTACHED GARAGE AREA 5 8
## 43 252 GRD DETACHED GARAGE 2 4
## 46 0 0 0 2 3
## 50 441 GRA ATTACHED GARAGE AREA 4 7
## 52 0 0 0 2 4
## 53 190 GRA ATTACHED GARAGE AREA 4 8
## mainfloorSF nbrThreeQtrBaths nbrFullBaths nbrHalfBaths TotalFinishedSF Ac
## 8 1168 0 3 1 2698 210
## 27 1243 1 2 1 2458 NA
## 36 2204 0 3 0 3431 NA
## 37 528 1 0 0 528 NA
## 42 1316 0 4 0 2372 NA
## 43 948 0 2 0 948 NA
## 46 648 0 0 0 648 NA
## 50 794 0 2 1 1644 NA
## 52 1008 0 2 0 1008 NA
## 53 778 1 2 0 1396 210
## AcDscr Heating HeatingDscr ExtWallPrim ExtWallDscrPrim ExtWallSec
## 8 Whole House 810 Forced Air 140 Cement Board NA
## 27 810 Forced Air 10 Frame Wood/Shake NA
## 36 880 Electric 40 Brick Veneer NA
## 37 NA 50 Painted Block 500
## 42 810 Forced Air 40 Brick Veneer 500
## 43 810 Forced Air 10 Frame Wood/Shake NA
## 46 NA 10 Frame Wood/Shake NA
## 50 810 Forced Air 10 Frame Wood/Shake NA
## 52 810 Forced Air 140 Cement Board NA
## 53 Whole House 810 Forced Air 10 Frame Wood/Shake NA
## ExtWallDscrSec IntWall IntWallDscr Roof_Cover Roof_CoverDscr Stories
## 8 1130 Drywall 1210 Asphalt NA
## 27 1130 Drywall 1210 Asphalt NA
## 36 1130 Drywall NA NA
## 37 Frame Wood/Shake NA NA NA
## 42 Frame Wood/Shake 1130 Drywall NA NA
## 43 1120 Plaster NA NA
## 46 1160 Hardwood Panel NA NA
## 50 1130 Drywall 1210 Asphalt NA
## 52 1130 Drywall 1210 Asphalt NA
## 53 1130 Drywall 1210 Asphalt NA
## UnitCount status_cd MUSA_ID toPredict pricesqft totalbaths
## 8 NA A 7105 0 199.14752 3.5
## 27 NA A 500 0 671.27746 3.5
## 36 NA A 9954 0 183.47421 3.0
## 37 NA A 4530 0 552.08333 1.0
## 42 NA A 3253 0 231.87184 4.0
## 43 NA A 5236 0 311.18143 2.0
## 46 NA A 2154 0 95.67901 0.0
## 50 NA A 7251 0 288.92944 2.5
## 52 NA A 10928 0 119.04762 2.0
## 53 NA A 3519 0 358.16619 3.0
## BoulderHousingData.Buffer.OpenSpace BoulderHousingData.Buffer.LR
## 8 1 1
## 27 0 0
## 36 0 0
## 37 1 1
## 42 0 0
## 43 1 1
## 46 0 0
## 50 0 0
## 52 1 1
## 53 1 1
## libraries_nn1 libraries_nn2 libraries_nn3 libraries_nn4 libraries_nn5
## 8 12835.6865 18919.186 28430.035 33736.271 37850.920
## 27 3208.7029 3564.438 3963.335 4407.708 4770.797
## 36 21680.2238 32538.543 36542.844 38818.896 40372.266
## 37 728.6591 20907.994 36216.561 44032.757 48874.618
## 42 9893.7064 16168.437 28193.298 38573.690 46604.926
## 43 2476.1156 8754.142 23928.682 33155.530 40499.790
## 46 33938.8188 36633.097 39633.813 41192.402 42171.765
## 50 10257.5906 16623.592 30604.081 39538.197 46832.881
## 52 1319.9164 20514.676 35402.995 42957.277 47636.897
## 53 5705.1322 6801.458 7193.331 7452.252 7617.396
## trailheads_nn1 trailheads_nn2 trailheads_nn3 trailheads_nn4 trailheads_nn5
## 8 5209.134 5710.512 7038.788 7724.404 8137.402
## 27 5749.063 5991.136 6183.391 6304.094 6452.468
## 36 15489.450 15648.473 16072.947 16981.915 17770.833
## 37 3155.534 3498.904 4240.428 4821.674 5326.859
## 42 1537.405 3220.773 6608.366 8400.388 9482.300
## 43 4073.962 4505.087 4652.722 4835.313 5011.696
## 46 19158.196 19697.324 21032.062 22841.852 24013.573
## 50 5371.791 6636.080 7721.873 8815.551 9517.150
## 52 1109.544 2858.035 3478.697 3909.476 4312.647
## 53 5274.566 5331.884 5593.396 5794.011 6172.221
## ME_nn1 ME_nn2 ME_nn3 ME_nn4 ME_nn5 public_nn1 public_nn2
## 8 14784.284 14784.284 19122.623 21291.79 22593.30 5500.436 6785.707
## 27 14102.342 15943.994 17529.812 18322.72 18798.47 1005.931 1667.766
## 36 59382.927 59382.927 59382.927 60194.04 60680.72 23492.574 24980.051
## 37 78432.226 78432.226 78432.226 79005.65 79349.70 3931.674 4175.643
## 42 5783.388 5783.388 8608.799 10021.50 17096.79 1461.376 2638.666
## 43 8865.111 8865.111 10473.515 11277.72 18444.80 1732.799 2901.153
## 46 61843.383 61940.344 63041.910 63592.69 63923.16 37012.626 37164.301
## 50 12414.408 12414.408 13744.512 14409.56 21849.51 1762.469 2343.693
## 52 76400.597 76400.597 76400.597 76970.75 77312.84 3728.223 5080.546
## 53 6847.955 7393.000 9706.949 10863.92 11643.94 2550.105 3330.496
## public_nn3 public_nn4 public_nn5 private_nn1 private_nn2 private_nn3
## 8 7572.900 8355.150 8851.459 6068.828 7360.580 8268.027
## 27 2025.100 2463.549 2844.047 1179.853 1247.797 1529.086
## 36 28403.926 32284.613 34911.170 44072.935 45475.437 46083.007
## 37 18421.824 30288.596 37515.800 66064.139 67400.153 67911.986
## 42 3108.155 3770.083 4495.761 3531.906 3989.427 4202.778
## 43 3597.828 4024.095 4470.192 2334.550 2587.327 3092.769
## 46 38805.958 39829.237 40547.167 42771.482 42891.297 43055.035
## 50 2665.051 3202.734 3666.947 2436.472 4821.392 5859.780
## 52 18358.253 29781.431 36719.050 64231.878 65554.962 66052.041
## 53 3605.892 4607.002 5265.335 4219.129 5230.065 5653.876
## private_nn4 private_nn5 STATEFP COUNTYFP TRACTCE BLKGRPCE GEOID
## 8 9027.398 9567.463 08 013 012800 3 080130128003
## 27 1679.279 1771.964 08 013 012102 2 080130121022
## 36 46457.420 46682.068 08 013 013702 3 080130137023
## 37 68199.762 68379.945 08 013 013702 5 080130137025
## 42 4540.670 4750.951 08 013 013506 1 080130135061
## 43 3611.908 4167.744 08 013 013401 1 080130134011
## 46 43569.568 44062.511 08 013 013702 4 080130137024
## 50 6631.219 7341.907 08 013 013508 1 080130135081
## 52 66323.197 66498.059 08 013 013702 6 080130137026
## 53 6026.887 6290.644 08 013 012603 1 080130126031
## NAMELSAD MTFCC FUNCSTAT ALAND AWATER INTPTLAT INTPTLON
## 8 Block Group 3 G5030 S 9463375 365940 +40.0244782 -105.0807021
## 27 Block Group 2 G5030 S 584891 0 +40.0270355 -105.2683915
## 36 Block Group 3 G5030 S 55840549 1148813 +39.9755267 -105.3843138
## 37 Block Group 5 G5030 S 3950139 424582 +39.9565336 -105.5023086
## 42 Block Group 1 G5030 S 2596084 0 +40.1959282 -105.0836047
## 43 Block Group 1 G5030 S 499631 2144 +40.1682004 -105.0906374
## 46 Block Group 4 G5030 S 20086342 540456 +39.9300603 -105.3544102
## 50 Block Group 1 G5030 S 1082853 0 +40.1775130 -105.0658373
## 52 Block Group 6 G5030 S 6218626 451590 +39.9695607 -105.5113127
## 53 Block Group 1 G5030 S 1111229 0 +40.0108292 -105.2325947
## GEOID2 Geo_FIPS Geo_NAME
## 8 80130128003 80130128003 Block Group 3
## 27 80130121022 80130121022 Block Group 2
## 36 80130137023 80130137023 Block Group 3
## 37 80130137025 80130137025 Block Group 5
## 42 80130135061 80130135061 Block Group 1
## 43 80130134011 80130134011 Block Group 1
## 46 80130137024 80130137024 Block Group 4
## 50 80130135081 80130135081 Block Group 1
## 52 80130137026 80130137026 Block Group 6
## 53 80130126031 80130126031 Block Group 1
## Geo_QName Geo_STUSAB
## 8 Block Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 27 Block Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 36 Block Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 37 Block Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 42 Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 43 Block Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 46 Block Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 50 Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 52 Block Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado co
## 53 Block Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado co
## TotalPop WhitePop PerWhitePo PerNonWhit PerBDorHig MedHHInc Shape_Leng
## 8 5388 4858 90.16333 9.836674 70.48819 122009 42520.23
## 27 1777 1658 93.30332 6.696680 80.43642 108629 10479.72
## 36 854 784 91.80328 8.196721 60.69277 105625 167832.83
## 37 731 700 95.75923 4.240766 52.13178 81103 53413.50
## 42 4561 4177 91.58079 8.419206 46.30811 98722 21172.21
## 43 844 627 74.28910 25.710900 25.56732 36083 10677.52
## 46 654 624 95.41284 4.587156 47.70206 109875 87277.91
## 50 3084 2754 89.29961 10.700389 51.73704 87826 16363.61
## 52 857 811 94.63244 5.367561 56.61765 48438 53929.14
## 53 2338 2064 88.28058 11.719418 83.52239 123750 14027.47
## Shape_Area BG OBJECTID.x BOCO_GEOHAZ_AREA PERIMETER GHCA_ GHCA_ID
## 8 105793896 080130128003 6 11095695145 2249563.8 16 3
## 27 6295269 080130121022 6 11095695145 2249563.8 16 3
## 36 613388172 080130137023 6 11095695145 2249563.8 16 3
## 37 47086092 080130137025 6 11095695145 2249563.8 16 3
## 42 27941502 080130135061 7 1997034619 938959.3 6 3
## 43 5400600 080130134011 7 1997034619 938959.3 6 3
## 46 222012144 080130137024 432 281451546 108563.9 279 3
## 50 11654689 080130135081 7 1997034619 938959.3 6 3
## 52 71792740 080130137026 6 11095695145 2249563.8 16 3
## 53 11960300 080130126031 6 11095695145 2249563.8 16 3
## SHADE_ DESCRIPTION SHAPEarea.x SHAPElen.x OBJECTID_1 OBJECTID.y
## 8 3 Moderate Constraint 11095695147 2249563.8 NA NA
## 27 3 Moderate Constraint 11095695147 2249563.8 NA NA
## 36 3 Moderate Constraint 11095695147 2249563.8 NA NA
## 37 3 Moderate Constraint 11095695147 2249563.8 NA NA
## 42 3 Moderate Constraint 1997034617 938959.3 NA NA
## 43 3 Moderate Constraint 1997034617 938959.3 NA NA
## 46 3 Moderate Constraint 281451544 108563.9 NA NA
## 50 3 Moderate Constraint 1997034617 938959.3 NA NA
## 52 3 Moderate Constraint 11095695147 2249563.8 NA NA
## 53 3 Moderate Constraint 11095695147 2249563.8 NA NA
## PARCEL_NO PARCEL_NUM SHAPEarea.y SHAPElen.y SC OBJECTID.x.1 StreamName
## 8 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 27 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 36 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 37 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 42 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 43 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 46 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 50 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 52 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## 53 <NA> NA NA NA 0 NA <NA>
## UpdatedBy UpdatedDate Shapearea.x Shapelen.x FZ OBJECTID.y.1 NAME STARTDATE
## 8 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 27 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 36 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 37 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 42 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 43 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 46 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 50 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 52 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## 53 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 NA <NA> <NA>
## ENDDATE LABELNAME Shapearea.y Shapelen.y WF geometry
## 8 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3123037 1250318)
## 27 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3063965 1251838)
## 36 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3018759 1230996)
## 37 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (2996660 1228028)
## 42 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3114804 1312874)
## 43 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3114201 1304010)
## 46 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3028730 1215870)
## 50 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3120380 1309055)
## 52 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (2998193 1229386)
## 53 <NA> <NA> NA NA 0 POINT (3073526 1248065)
## Regression Price.Predict Price.Error Price.AbsError Price.APE
## 8 Baseline Regression 545391.7 8091.674 8091.674 0.01483645
## 27 Baseline Regression 1469740.1 -180259.901 180259.901 0.12264747
## 36 Baseline Regression 864214.8 234714.846 234714.846 0.27159317
## 37 Baseline Regression 189101.7 -102398.310 102398.310 0.54149865
## 42 Baseline Regression 806898.2 256898.192 256898.192 0.31837745
## 43 Baseline Regression 347800.0 52799.976 52799.976 0.15181133
## 46 Baseline Regression 209593.4 147593.368 147593.368 0.70418911
## 50 Baseline Regression 393295.7 -81704.305 81704.305 0.20774269
## 52 Baseline Regression 378960.4 258960.422 258960.422 0.68334424
## 53 Baseline Regression 768171.0 268171.004 268171.004 0.34910326
## lagPriceError
## 8 26098.782
## 27 -254904.408
## 36 181596.382
## 37 61144.353
## 42 56733.050
## 43 -17553.974
## 46 -72559.309
## 50 -22911.184
## 52 4183.842
## 53 103692.723
TestBoulder2 <-
TestBoulder1 %>%
mutate(lagPriceError = lag.listw(spatialWeights.test, Price.Error, NAOK = TRUE))
TestBoulder2 <-
TestBoulder2 %>%
mutate(Regression = "Regression")
TestBoulder2Filter <- TestBoulder2 %>% filter(Price.Error >0,lagPriceError >0)
ggplot(data = TestBoulder2Filter, aes(lagPriceError, Price.Error)) +
geom_point(size = .85,colour = "black") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm",colour = "red",size = 1.2) +
labs(title="Price Errors",
caption = "Figure 6.1")
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
# Moran's I
moranTest <- moran.mc(na.omit(TestBoulder2$Price.Error),
spatialWeights.test, nsim = 999)
TestBoulder2 %>%
dplyr::select(Price.Predict, price, Regression) %>%
ggplot(aes(price, Price.Predict)) +
geom_point() +
stat_smooth(aes(price, price),
method = "lm", se = FALSE, size = 1, colour="#FA7800") +
stat_smooth(aes(Price.Predict, price),
method = "lm", se = FALSE, size = 1, colour="#25CB10") +
facet_wrap(~Regression) +
labs(title="Predicted Sale price as a Function of Observed Price",
subtitle="Orange line represents a perfect prediction; Green line represents prediction",
caption = "Figure 6.2") +
plotTheme()
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
ggplot(as.data.frame(moranTest$res[c(1:999)]), aes(moranTest$res[c(1:999)])) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.01) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = moranTest$statistic), colour = "#FA7800",size=1) +
scale_x_continuous(limits = c(-1, 1)) +
labs(title="Observed and permuted Moran's I",
subtitle= "Observed Moran's I in orange",
caption = "Figure 6.3",
x="Moran's I",
y="Count") +
plotTheme()
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = TestBoulder2, aes(colour = q5(Price.AbsError)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(TestBoulder2,"Price.AbsError"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="Map of Price Absolute Errors, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 6.4") +
mapTheme()
Neighborhood
We wanted to include a spatial variable to represent a neighborhood to understand neighborhood character and in this case. In our model, we use Census Block Groups as it was the data that was readily available and accessible at the time. Block Groups turned out to be a significant variable in the model–explaining about 10% more variance than a model without it.
TestBoulder2 %>%
st_drop_geometry() %>%
group_by(Geo_QName) %>%
summarize(meanPrice = mean(price, na.rm = T),
meanPrediction = mean(Price.Predict)) %>%
kable(caption = "Price and Prediction by block group (Figure 7.1)") %>% kable_styling("striped", full_width = F) %>% scroll_box(width = "800px", height = "500px")| Geo_QName | meanPrice | meanPrediction |
|---|---|---|
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 2389125.0 | 2164075.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 601333.3 | 683019.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1293544.4 | 1527067.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 1116084.6 | 1550603.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 906666.7 | 911153.5 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1350000.0 | 1307598.2 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1079000.0 | 1019445.9 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 413100.0 | 2519463.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 787650.0 | 722783.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1295300.0 | 1138758.9 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 706145.5 | 714662.1 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 749128.6 | 809383.1 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado | 944300.0 | 956569.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 2092400.0 | 1710844.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado | 937500.0 | 805518.3 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 875058.8 | 886356.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 126.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 621359.1 | 647569.8 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1243500.0 | 981636.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 250200.0 | 612212.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 1085000.0 | 971106.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 613150.0 | 601196.1 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 127.09, Boulder County, Colorado | 671653.3 | 610436.2 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 1186666.7 | 1483825.9 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | 982084.6 | 1001276.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 129.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 765670.8 | 811307.8 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 433354.2 | 432953.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 568580.0 | 544493.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 614810.5 | 524370.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1146341.2 | 1102489.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 726687.5 | 672708.5 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 730106.7 | 731108.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 918547.5 | 811868.1 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 961166.7 | 973750.5 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 648750.0 | 986849.1 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 763100.0 | 738609.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 528705.9 | 591937.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 427950.0 | 392853.9 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 402381.8 | 405950.9 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado | 736221.1 | 761648.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado | 506818.2 | 504054.3 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado | 765988.6 | 841231.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 543250.0 | 497030.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 393061.5 | 355577.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 373833.3 | 368371.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 411426.7 | 436146.2 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 438100.0 | 418250.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 320355.6 | 313332.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 368400.0 | 333903.3 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 364357.1 | 358429.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 363083.3 | 352377.5 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 491439.3 | 484441.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 382876.9 | 386359.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 399092.1 | 393339.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1372000.0 | 1459406.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 496552.9 | 481414.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1051682.4 | 1095920.3 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 763520.0 | 809830.3 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado | 681582.4 | 759233.0 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado | 899750.0 | 881148.6 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 703300.0 | 656402.7 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado | 528284.2 | 536233.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado | 775823.1 | 762424.4 |
| Block Group 1, Census Tract 614, Boulder County, Colorado | 705667.3 | 698984.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1441925.0 | 1862959.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1348066.7 | 1318241.3 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1436428.6 | 1693584.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 121.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 1499891.7 | 1392144.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1920000.0 | 1990117.2 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1424250.0 | 1668961.9 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1258700.0 | 1396630.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 568428.6 | 630643.3 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 1136950.0 | 1155566.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1471666.7 | 1075962.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 915733.3 | 924805.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1488322.7 | 1400905.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 660300.0 | 650275.0 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 592500.0 | 560553.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado | 954666.7 | 926391.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 1220357.1 | 1086285.0 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 125.11, Boulder County, Colorado | 1038055.6 | 924327.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 126.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 957600.0 | 1057800.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 126.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 820000.0 | 673289.6 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1204190.9 | 1167575.0 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 770540.0 | 853336.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 127.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 1132900.0 | 1447574.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 833812.5 | 920442.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 1208266.7 | 1179795.0 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | 426397.3 | 425863.0 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 129.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 702867.2 | 718400.3 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 129.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 477500.0 | 443368.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 129.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 488061.5 | 569327.3 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1269125.0 | 1080477.1 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 130.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 859033.3 | 840206.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 130.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 715464.3 | 762535.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 582091.7 | 622822.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1222633.3 | 1457040.2 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1565824.1 | 1341986.9 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 456725.0 | 463212.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 367428.0 | 381637.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado | 530134.3 | 526534.3 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado | 580376.5 | 519744.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado | 497985.7 | 513814.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 631000.0 | 724230.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 392820.0 | 399602.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 133.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 385500.0 | 397771.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 133.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 451857.1 | 381838.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 396500.0 | 431171.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 366733.3 | 463184.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 348425.0 | 411821.0 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 338658.3 | 344066.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 379500.0 | 448056.5 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 135.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 434900.0 | 460836.9 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 605805.8 | 629021.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 664550.0 | NA |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 136.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 366380.0 | 456687.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1230500.0 | 1172401.6 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 664000.0 | 748005.2 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 606, Boulder County, Colorado | 640983.3 | 691064.7 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado | 731425.0 | 713303.6 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 534000.0 | 487155.4 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 609, Boulder County, Colorado | 701224.1 | 728548.8 |
| Block Group 2, Census Tract 613, Boulder County, Colorado | 771340.0 | 870244.0 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 2071241.7 | 2145388.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1892375.0 | 1832295.4 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 121.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 800944.4 | 884466.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1150152.3 | 1175756.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 122.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1944818.2 | 2081240.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 786333.3 | 817046.9 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 424000.0 | 451900.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 122.04, Boulder County, Colorado | 5825000.0 | 3800850.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1687142.9 | 1564080.7 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 125.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1371420.0 | 1505686.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 125.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 726800.0 | 758357.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 125.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 704900.0 | 741116.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 125.09, Boulder County, Colorado | 1145000.0 | 983580.5 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 1115083.3 | 1030700.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1116022.2 | 1084511.3 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 127.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 909500.0 | 779161.5 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 972669.0 | 900931.4 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 127.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 1292071.4 | 1207359.0 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | 656521.7 | 653237.1 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 1014333.3 | 1146645.3 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 130.06, Boulder County, Colorado | 710884.2 | 724397.3 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 571333.3 | 678463.0 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 510550.0 | 527344.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 560212.5 | 575086.2 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 436500.0 | 416831.7 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.11, Boulder County, Colorado | 315000.0 | 315859.0 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.12, Boulder County, Colorado | 434297.1 | 448466.1 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 132.13, Boulder County, Colorado | 689440.7 | 679468.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 456700.0 | 406114.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 133.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 404641.7 | 411498.5 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 133.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 411740.0 | 394653.1 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 134.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 486920.0 | 401609.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 546607.1 | 547700.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 349000.0 | 440487.7 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 135.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 363883.3 | 325786.3 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 135.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 493902.6 | 513398.2 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 136.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 496714.3 | NA |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1402850.0 | 1373442.4 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 654000.0 | 708734.8 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 607, Boulder County, Colorado | 877375.0 | 948454.6 |
| Block Group 3, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 521313.3 | 511094.1 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 121.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 2085633.3 | 2273934.1 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 1092000.0 | 1359513.4 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 121.05, Boulder County, Colorado | 1663530.0 | 1405834.6 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 122.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 700000.0 | 1106779.7 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 122.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 527000.0 | 555253.7 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 124.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1489000.0 | 1475819.1 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 125.10, Boulder County, Colorado | 739750.0 | 1109664.8 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 126.07, Boulder County, Colorado | 656250.0 | 659369.3 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 127.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 1268937.5 | 1120280.8 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 127.08, Boulder County, Colorado | 655025.0 | 713608.4 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | 732087.5 | 738023.8 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 130.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 699476.2 | 684071.2 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 574992.3 | 551420.2 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 499375.0 | 503821.1 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 135.03, Boulder County, Colorado | 350050.0 | 365712.8 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 137.01, Boulder County, Colorado | 513857.1 | 504365.9 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 450771.4 | 441266.7 |
| Block Group 4, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 615200.0 | 481446.5 |
| Block Group 5, Census Tract 121.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 823891.7 | 1111699.8 |
| Block Group 5, Census Tract 128, Boulder County, Colorado | 845114.3 | 842526.6 |
| Block Group 5, Census Tract 133.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 484205.0 | 493059.3 |
| Block Group 5, Census Tract 134.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 358914.3 | 500870.9 |
| Block Group 5, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 480392.9 | 506404.4 |
| Block Group 5, Census Tract 608, Boulder County, Colorado | 333200.0 | 305617.5 |
| Block Group 6, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 594300.0 | 525309.5 |
| Block Group 7, Census Tract 137.02, Boulder County, Colorado | 445000.0 | 495851.5 |
# Predicted Map - Test Set
ggplot() +
geom_sf(data = Boulder.Boundary, fill = "grey89", color = "grey89") +
geom_sf(data = TestBoulder2, aes(colour = q5(Price.Predict)),
show.legend = "point", size = .75) +
scale_colour_manual(values = palette5,
labels=qBr(TestBoulder2,"Price.Predict"),
name="Quintile\nBreaks") +
labs(title="Predicted Sale Price, Boulder CO, 2019-2021",
caption="Figure 7.2") +
mapTheme()
st_drop_geometry(TestBoulder2) %>%
group_by(Geo_QName) %>%
summarize(MAPE = mean(Price.APE, na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
left_join(BoulderCensusData) %>%
st_sf() %>%
ggplot() +
geom_sf(aes(fill = MAPE)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = palette5[5], high = palette5[1],
name = "MAPE") +
geom_sf(data = TestBoulder2, colour = "black", show.legend = "point", size = .5) +
labs(title = "Mean test set MAPE by Block Groups",
caption = "Figure 7.3") +
mapTheme()
## Joining, by = "Geo_QName"
TestBoulder2 <-
TestBoulder2 %>%
group_by(Geo_QName) %>%
mutate(MeanPrice = mean(price))
TestBoulder2 <-
TestBoulder2 %>%
group_by(Geo_QName) %>%
mutate(MAPE = mean(Price.APE))
#This now seems correct versus the old version - woo!
ggplot(TestBoulder2) +
geom_point(aes(MeanPrice, MAPE)) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", aes(MeanPrice, MAPE), se = FALSE, colour = "green") +
labs(title = "MAPE by Block Group as a function of mean price by Block Group",
x = "Mean Home Price", y = "MAPE",
caption = "Figure 7.5") +
plotTheme()
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
# can talk about these two being the outliers Tidycensus Context
Further, to evaluate our model, we wanted to explore predicted prices and errors across demographic contexts. In this case, we chose the context of race and income. This last set of analysis tells us that errors across these demographic breaks are consistent, and therefore, across these contexts, our model is pretty generalizable. That being said, Boulder CO is largely white with residents of a higher income, so this analysis applied to a different county, may have differnet results.
Context <-
BoulderCensusData %>%
mutate(Race = ifelse(PerNonWhit > 15, "Majority Non-White", "Majority White"),
Income = ifelse(MedHHInc > 80000, "High Income", "Low Income"))
ggplot() + geom_sf(data = na.omit(Context), aes(fill = Race)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("medium purple 3", "honeydew 3"), name="Race Context") +
labs(title = "Figure 14.1: Race in Boulder, CO",
caption = "Figure 8.1") +
mapTheme() + theme(legend.position="bottom")
ggplot() + geom_sf(data = na.omit(Context), aes(fill = Income)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("medium purple 3", "honeydew 3"), name="Income Context") +
labs(title = "Median Household Income in Boulder, CO",
caption = "Figure 8.2") +
mapTheme() + theme(legend.position="bottom")
st_join(TestBoulder2, Context) %>%
group_by(Regression, Race) %>%
summarize(mean.MAPE = scales::percent(mean(Price.APE, na.rm = T))) %>%
st_drop_geometry() %>%
spread(Race, mean.MAPE) %>%
kable(caption = "Test set MAPE by neighborhood racial context (Figure 8.3)") %>%
kable_styling("striped",full_width = F)
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Regression'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.| Regression | Majority Non-White | Majority White |
|---|---|---|
| Regression | 18% | 20% |
st_join(TestBoulder2, Context) %>%
group_by(Regression, Race) %>%
summarize(mean.PricePredict = (mean(Price.Predict, na.rm = T))) %>%
st_drop_geometry() %>%
spread(Race, mean.PricePredict) %>%
kable(caption = "Mean Predicted Price by neighborhood racial context (Figure 8.4)") %>%
kable_styling("striped",full_width = F)
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Regression'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.| Regression | Majority Non-White | Majority White |
|---|---|---|
| Regression | 731407.5 | 751152.2 |
st_join(TestBoulder2, Context) %>%
group_by(Regression, Income) %>%
summarize(mean.MAPE = scales::percent(mean(Price.APE, na.rm = T))) %>%
st_drop_geometry() %>%
spread(Income, mean.MAPE) %>%
kable(caption = "Test set MAPE by neighborhood income context (Figure 8.5)") %>%
kable_styling("striped",full_width = F)
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Regression'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.| Regression | High Income | Low Income |
|---|---|---|
| Regression | 20% | 19% |
st_join(TestBoulder2, Context) %>%
group_by(Regression, Income) %>%
summarize(mean.PricePredict = (mean(Price.Predict, na.rm = T))) %>%
st_drop_geometry() %>%
spread(Income, mean.PricePredict) %>%
kable(caption = "Mean Predicted Price by neighborhood income context (Figure 8.6)") %>%
kable_styling("striped",full_width = F)
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Regression'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.| Regression | High Income | Low Income |
|---|---|---|
| Regression | 797408.1 | 587106.9 |
Discussion
Overall, our model yields some complicated, yet interesting results. It is definitely not a perfect indicator of home prices in Boulder, CO, but there are meaningful takeaways. Some of the most significant variables were ones relating to housing characteristics (like quality code), however, a few, but not as many, of the Boulder specific variables were too (like geological hazards and block groups). However, some of our variables may have still been colinear–affecting accuracy and our biggest weakess was failing to identify a variable that relates to price clustering.
In relation to accuracy, our model did not perform as well as we had liked. To recall, based on our adjusted R-Squared value, our model accounted for about 58% of the variation in home prices. Our average price error is about 150K, which is definitely a chunk of change to be off by. Further, analysis of the error charts and plots, our model struggles to predict higher priced homes. When evaluating generalizability, or the ability to apply our model to new data, we can conclude that our model definitely has errors, but functions well across demographic features. When using cross validation, we found that many of our errors clustered around the same range of prices such as $160,000-170,000, $180,000-$200,000, and $210,000-$230,000. In this cross validation, we were able to determine 70% of the home price error clusters, and it would have been better to attribute more errors. That being said, errors across the two demographic breakdowns (race and income) were consistent and this is a good indicator of generalizability across human-related variables.
Conclusion
It is clear that there are pros and cons to our model, however, we would not recommend our model as is to Zillow and more investigation should be done on its effectiveness. Some areas of improvement would be to spend more energy thoughtfully categorizing the variables for potentially more significant analysis (for ex. potentially weighting houses with bedrooms as small/medium/large). We also would want to spend more time addressing the neighborhood effect and what makes a neighborhood more attractive in a quantifiable way, like including a price clustering variable. Lastly, we wish to have also included variables such as poverty, transportation, and crime, but they were unavailable for this case. This Boulder specific data could have helped us create a model with potentially a more community oriented lens Overall, the model raises very interesting questions about what attributes to a home price!